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Mapping (a) area burned and both (b) present and (c) past herbivore biomass. Regions of high area burned coincide roughly with high-rainfall broad-leaf savannahs and regions with high herbivory coincide roughly with lower-rainfall mixed/acacia savannahs. The past herbivory map is plotted without elephants, which overwhelm the spatial pattern. Panel (d) defines consumer realms for Africa (see Material and methods).
