Table 2. Crude associations of individual determinants with facility delivery.

		Deliveries		Facility deliveries		Chi-square p-value	Odds Ratio1 (95% CI), p-value
Individual covariate		n	%	n	%
Age (years)	15–19	1381	12.4	910	65.9	<0.001	1.0
	20–29	5791	51.9	3269	56.5		0.62 (0.53–0.71)
	30+	3979	35.7	2261	56.8		0.61 (0.53–0.71)
	Total	11151	100	6440	57.8		<0.001
Parity	0	2412	21.6	1714	71.1	<0.001	1.0
	1–2	3969	35.6	2278	57.4		0.46 (0.40–0.52)
	3–4	2778	24.9	1474	53.1		0.41 (0.36–0.47)
	5+	1992	17.9	974	48.9		0.40 (0.35–0.47)
	Total	11151	100	6440	57.8		<0.001
Previous stillbirth	None	10291	92.3	5922	57.6	0.31	1.0
	One	695	6.2	419	60.3		1.20 (1.00–1.44)
	Two or more	165	1.5	99	60.0		1.22 (0.85–1.77)
	Total	11151	100	6440	57.8		0.10
Multiple birth	Single	10924	98.0	6266	57.4	<0.001	1.0
	Multiple	227	2.0	174	76.7		3.24 (2.28–4.60)
	Total	11151	100	6440	57.8		<0.001
Marital status	Married	6052	54.3	3185	52.6	<0.001	1.0
	Cohabitating	3942	35.4	2512	63.7		1.32 (1. 19–1.49)
	Single	1156	10.4	742	64.2		1.61 (1.37–1.89)
	Total	11151	100	6439	57.8		<0.001
Wealth quintile	Poorest	3177	28.5	1254	39.4	<0.001	1.0
	Second	2944	26.5	1497	50.9		1.60 (1.41–1.81)
	Middle	2515	22.6	1671	66.4		2.40 (2.09–2.75)
	Fourth	1784	16.0	1394	78.1		3.43 (2.90–4.06)
	Least poor	709	6.4	614	86.6		5.08 (3.90–6.60)
	Total	11129	100	6430	57.8		<0.001
Education	None	4274	38.3	1781	41.7	<0.001	1.0
	Primary	2433	21.8	1422	58.5		1.76 (1.56–1.98)
	Middle	3967	35.6	2831	71.4		2.68 (2.40–3.00)
	College	473	4.2	403	85.2		5.37 (4.02–7.16)
	Total	11147	100	6437	57.8		<0.001
Occupation	Professional	1024	9.2	761	74.3	<0.001	1.0
	Unskilled	7073	63.4	3863	54.6		0.51 (0.43–0.60)
	Unemployed	3054	27.4	1816	59.5		0.59 (0.49–0.70)
	Total	11151	100	6440	57.8		<0.001
Religion	Catholic	2868	25.7	1527	56.9	<0.001	1.0
	Protestant	5096	45.7	3417	67.1		1.41 (1.26–1.59)
	Muslim	2264	20.3	1037	45.8		0.68 (0.59–0.79)
	Traditional	1105	9.9	459	41.5		0.65 (0.55–0.77)
	Total	11151	100	6440	57.8		<0.001
Ethnicity	Akan	4598	41.2	3287	71.5	<0.001	1.0
	Other	6553	58.8	3153	48.1		0.45 (0.39–0.50)
	Total	11151	100	6440	57.8		<0.001
Health insurance	Yes	9368	84.0	5667	60.5	<0.001	1.0
	No	1779	16.0	773	43.5		0.46 (0.40–0.52)
	Total	11147	100	6440	57.8		<0.001
Newhints intervention	Control	5441	48.8	3017	55.5	<0.001	1.0
	Intervention	5710	51.2	3423	60.0		1.09 (0.83–1.44)
	Total	11151	100	6440	57.8		0.55

¹Odds ratios were calculated using multilevel logistic regression models with random intercepts for village.