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. 2016 Aug 10;6:31043. doi: 10.1038/srep31043

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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Here, the ancestral BoNT gene cluster is transferred into the clostridial bacterium producing an HA complex with vacuolating toxicity [HA (VT⁺)], yielding an ancestor of the C. botulinum serotype C and D strains. Meanwhile, the serotype A and B strains also produce the toxin complex with HA components, but these strains do not exhibit vacuolating cytotoxicity. Therefore, the ancestral BoNT gene cluster transfers into the HA complex-producing bacterium [HA (VT⁻)], whose vacuolating toxicity is lost during its molecular evolution. The BoNT gene cluster transfer into a clostridial bacterium with no HA gene may yield ancestors of the serotype E and F strain.