Abstract
Background
To estimate the need for bilateral intravitreal anti-VEGF injections in patients treated for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), retinal vein occlusion, choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in high myopia, and other causes of CNV.
Methods
All consecutive patients treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF injection over a 1-month period were included in a prospective multicenter survey. The reason for intravitreal anti-VEGF injection and the involvement of the fellow eye in the pathology requiring a treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF were recorded. A time interval between bilateral injections longer than 1 month, within a 1-month period, and same-day bilateral injections were recorded.
Results
A total of 1335 patients were included, corresponding to 1024 (76.7 %) patients treated for nAMD, 167 (12.5 %) for DME, and 144 (10.8 %) for other reasons. Four hundred and fifty-nine (34.4 %) patients were treated bilaterally with a time interval between injections longer than 1 month, 170 (12.7 %) were treated bilaterally within a 1-month interval, and 87 (6.6 %) had same-day bilateral injections. Bilateral injections were more frequent in diabetic patients than in nAMD patients (respectively 48 % vs. 36 %, p = 0.0033).
Conclusions
Patients with DME are more likely to be treated bilaterally with anti-VEGF injections. As the rate of second eye involvement requiring treatment increases progressively over time, a same-day bilateral injection strategy will become more common as it decreases the administrative burden on the healthcare system and treatment burden experienced by patients.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12886-016-0317-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: Intravitreal injection, Age-related macular degeneration, Anti-VEGF, Diabetic macular edema, Retinal diseases
Background
The number of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections has increased progressively, partly because of the extension of anti-VEGF indications to various chorioretinal diseases. Anti-VEGFs have been first indicated for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) [1, 2], then macular edema complicating retinal vein occlusion (RVO) [3–6], diabetic macular edema (DME) [7–9], and other causes of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) such as high myopia.
nAMD and DME frequently affect both eyes [10, 11]. The fellow eye involvement, which is often the better-seeing eye, is likely to have a significant impact on patient quality of life.
Patients with nAMD require anti-VEGF treatment in their fellow eye in about 7.5 % of cases each year [12]. However, this rate may be different from one country to another, most often because of different criteria for health insurance system coverage. In France, the rate of bilateral injections in retinal pathologies is unknown and the use of bevacizumab was off-label regardless of the indication, during the duration of the survey. Ranibizumab has been authorized for the treatment of nAMD, DME, macular edema complicating RVO, CNV complicating pathologic myopia and pseudoxanthoma elasticum and its use is covered by the health insurance system. Aflibercept is authorized for the treatment of nAMD, macular edema complicating central RVO and DME. Thus, evaluating the burden of intravitreal injections on French patients is pertinent there is no administrative limitation, because the number of intravitreal injections is not regulated by the healthcare system but only by the need for treatment. Administrating bilateral same-day intravitreal injections is becoming more common. Indeed, a US survey has shown that 46 % of retina specialists administered bilateral same-day intravitreal injections [13] limiting the frequent need to access the clinic.
The aim of this study was to estimate the need for bilateral intravitreal anti-VEGF injections in a real-life setting in patients treated for nAMD, DME, RVO, myopic CNV, and other causes of CNV.
Methods
All consecutive patients who received an intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF over a 1-month period (July 1 to 31, 2014) were included in a prospective multicenter study. Three centers participated in the study: a private practice in Paris (Centre d’Imagerie et de Laser), and two public and academic ophthalmological departments, one in a Paris hospital (Lariboisière hospital) and one in a hospital in Paris suburbs (Avicenne hospital). The private practice is one of the center performing the largest number of intravitreal injections in France and both academic hospitals selected are specialized in DME. The 3 centers are located in a same geographic area. This study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and an informed written consent was obtained from subjects. Approval was obtained from the France Macula Federation ethical committee (committee’s reference number: FMF 2015–137).
All data were collected in each center by one of the authors (AGA) and included: the reason for intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF and the involvement of the fellow eye in the pathology requiring an intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF. The number of patients requiring bilateral treatment previously (at any time), within a 1-month interval, and receiving same-day intravitreal injections was assessed.
Patients were included regardless of the anti-VEGF drug used. Patients treated with other intravitreal treatments (triamcinolone, dexamethasone implant) were excluded. Patients injected twice during the study period (once in one eye, and once in the fellow eye) were only taken into account once. Sub-group analysis was conducted in patients treated for DME or nAMD in order to compare the rate of bilateral treatment. A second sub-analysis was conducted to compare the time interval between bilateral injections in patients treated for nAMD and DME.
For statistical analysis, Graphpad prism software was used and a Chi2 test was performed.
The survey was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and an informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Results
A total of 1335 patients from three ophthalmological centers were included over a 1-month study period. They received a total of 1501 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Among them, 1024 (76.7 %) patients were treated for nAMD and 167 (12.5 %) for DME. The details of the pathologies and the distribution between the three centers are presented in Table 1. All the data collected are available in the Additional file 1: Table S1.
Table 1.
Distribution of the different pathologies requiring anti-VEGF treatment between the three centers
| Number of patients | Center 1 (%) | Center 2 (%) | Center 3 (%) | Overall results (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nAMD | 674 (86.6) | 269 (66.1) | 81 (54) | 1024 (76.7) |
| DME | 17 (2.2) | 98 (24.1) | 52 (34.7) | 167 (12.5) |
| Vein occlusions | 44 (5.7) | 26 (6.4) | 11 (7.3) | 81 (6.1) |
| CNV in high myopic eyes | 22 (2.8) | 3 (0.7) | 6 (4) | 31 (2.3) |
| Others | 21 (2.7) | 11 (2.7) | 0 | 33 (2.4) |
| Total | 778 (58.3) | 407 (30.5) | 150 (11.2) | 1335 (100) |
Raw numbers (percentage)
CNV choroidal neovascularization, DME diabetic macular edema, nAMD neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Four hundred and fifty-nine (34.4 %) patients were treated bilaterally with a time interval between injections longer than 1 month, 170 (12.7 %) were treated bilaterally within a 1-month period, and 87 (6.6 %) had same-day bilateral injections.
A sub-group analysis was performed in patients treated for nAMD and DME in order to compare the rate of bilateral treatment. The results are presented in Fig. 1. The rate of bilateral injections was significantly higher in diabetic patients than in nAMD patients (respectively 48 % vs. 36 %, p = 0.0033).
Fig. 1.
Percentage of patients who received bilateral intravitreal anti-VEGF injections regardless of the time interval between bilateral injections, showing a significant difference between nAMD and DME (respectively 36 % vs. 48 % of patients, p <0.01)
The time interval between bilateral injections was then analyzed in patients treated for nAMD and DME (Fig. 2). In nAMD patients, bilateral injections were administered on the same day, within a time interval >1 day and < 1 month, and within a time interval longer than 1 month respectively in 13.8, 19, and 67.2 % of cases. In DME patients, the distribution was respectively in 42.5, 13.7 and 43.8 % of cases. The number of cases receiving same-day bilateral treatment was significantly higher in DME patients than in nAMD patients (respectively 42.5 % vs. 13.8 %, p <0.001). In vein occlusion, bilateral injections were administered in 2 cases (2.5 %) only, within a time interval longer than 1 month for both. In high myopia, none of the patient received same-day bilateral injection, 1 patient (3.2 %) received bilateral treatment within a time interval >1 day and < 1 month, and 5 (6.2 %) within a time interval longer than 1 month. No case of endophthalmitis was reported.
Fig. 2.
Distribution of the time interval between bilateral injections in nAMD and DME patients. Same-day bilateral injections were significantly more common in DME patients than in nAMD patients (respectively 42.5 % vs. 13.8 %, p <0.001)
Discussion
In this study, we estimated the proportion of patients treated for ocular pathologies with anti-VEGF therapy and needing bilateral injections over a 1-month period. Our data show that the rate of bilateral injections was of 36 % in nAMD. Only a few studies have investigated the rate of bilateral injections in nAMD although a bilateral involvement in this disease of about 5–20 % per year has been previously reported [14–19]. In addition, Zarranz-Ventura et al. [12], have reported an incidence of second eyes treated with ranibizumab for nAMD of about 7.5 % per year which increased to 14 % per year when patients with visual acuity lower than 20/200 in the fellow eye were excluded. Compared to nAMD, the proportion of bilateral involvement in DME is higher and estimated to range between 60 and 80 % [20–22]. Consistently, a significantly higher (48 %, p = 0.0033) proportion of bilateral injections in DME patients was found in our study. This high rate of bilateral involvement in DME could be due to the systemic nature of disease, making it more likely to affect both eyes. The discrepancy between the reported rate of bilateral injections in this study and that described in nAMD and DME could be explained by the design of our study. Indeed, the rate of bilateral involvement increases with the follow-up and disease duration and in this study, it was assessed at a specific time point (i.e., within a 1-month period).
The time interval between bilateral injections was also evaluated in this study. In the management of nAMD patients, there was a tendency to first administer injection in one eye then followed a few days to a few weeks later by an injection in the fellow eye. Therefore, only 13.8 % of patients received same-day bilateral injections. By contrast, the treatment was more often concomitant in the management of DME patients as 42.5 % of patients in our study received same-day bilateral injections. Two parameters could have influenced this proportion. First, patient preference could have contributed because one visit for same-day bilateral injections decreases the burden on patients and their families compared to two separate visits. Second, bilateral treatment feasibility requires that both eyes are perfectly synchronized and have the same reactivation time.
Bilateral injections performed the same day when indicated, always according to the patient preference, may limit the frequent visits to the clinic for the patient and his accompanying persons. When administering same-day bilateral intravitreal injections, local and systemic complications should be considered. Local complications of intravitreal injections include raised intraocular pressure, uveitis, retinal detachment and subretinal hemorrhages [23]. Retrospective studies have investigated the safety of same-day bilateral intravitreal injections and shown that when separate povidone-iodine preparations, speculum, needles, and syringes are used for each eye, injections are well tolerated [24, 25]. In the review by Lima et al. [26], it has been suggested that the ocular complications (endophthalmitis and intraocular inflammation) related to same-day bilateral intravitreal injections are similar to those appearing after unilateral injections [26]. None was reported in our study. Although rare, systemic side effects of intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment have also been reported, including myocardial infarctions, strokes and thromboembolic events [27]. However, it remains unknown whether an increase in systemic dose due to bilateral injections may increase the risk. Several studies have evaluated the outcomes and complications of same-day bilateral intravitreal injections and no major systemic events have been reported [28, 29]. The present survey was not designed to give any information concerning local or systemic tolerance of anti-VEGF drugs administrated the same day. The main limitation of our study is its descriptive nature and the limited data on patient characteristics and history of ocular diseases. However, our results provide relevant data in a real-world setting by evaluating the frequency of bilateral intravitreal anti-VEGF injections administered by French retina specialists in patients treated for retinal pathologies.
Conclusion
Efficacy and safety outcomes of bilateral anti-VEGF injections have been recently studied.
As the rate of second eye involvement requiring treatment increases progressively over time, a same-day bilateral injection strategy will become more common as it decreases the administrative burden on the healthcare system and the treatment burden experienced by patients and families.
Abbreviation
CNV, choroidal neovascularization; DME, diabetic macular edema; nAMD, neovascular age-related macular degeneration; RVO, retinal vein occlusion; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor
Acknowledgement
We would like to thanks Dr Manar Addou-Regnard (Centre hospitalier intercommunal de Créteil, France) for her logistical help in accessing to Lariboisiere hospital patient charts.
Funding
CIL-ASSOC (association for research in vision and ophthalmology). No other funding was obtained for this study.
Availability of data and materials
See (Additional file 1: Table S1).
Authors’ contributions
AGA has collected data from one of the three centers (Avicenne hospital) and has been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. RT has collected data from one of the three centers (Lariboisière hospital) and helped for interpretation and data analysis. TG has collected data from one of the three centers (Centre d’Imagerie et de Laser) and helped revising the draft critically for important intellectual content. FF has made substantial contributions in analysis and interpretation of data. SNB contributed to data analysis and interpretation and helped revising the draft critically for important intellectual content. CDM has contributed to data analysis and interpretation and helped revising the draft critically for important intellectual content. GQ has contributed to data analysis and interpretation and helped revising the draft critically for important intellectual content. SYC has made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study and gave the final approval of the version to be published. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interest
Dr Audrey Giocanti-Auregan reports personal fees from Novartis, Bayer, Allergan, outside the submitted work.
Pr Ramin Tadayoni reports personal fees from Novartis, Bayer, Allergan, Alcon, Novartis, ThromboGenics, Pfizer, Bauch & Lomb, DORC, FCI, Alimera, Takeda, outside the submitted work.
Dr Typhaine Grenet reports personal fees from Novartis, Bayer, outside the submitted work.
Dr Franck Fajnkuchen reports personal fees from Novartis, Bayer, Allergan, outside the submitted work.
Dr Sylvia Nghiem-Buffet reports personal fees from Novartis, Bayer, Allergan, outside the submitted work.
Dr Corinne Delahaye-Mazza has nothing to disclose.
Dr Gabriel Quentel reports personal fees from Novartis outside the submitted work.
Pr Salomon Y. Cohen reports personal fees from Novartis, Bayer, Allergan, Alcon, Thea, outside the submitted work.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and an informed consent was obtained from subjects. Approval was obtained from the France Macula Federation ethical committee (committee’s reference number: FMF 2015–137).
Additional file
Excel table including all the raw data collected. (XLSX 217 kb)
Contributor Information
Audrey Giocanti-Auregan, Email: audreygiocanti@yahoo.fr.
Ramin Tadayoni, Email: ramin.tadayoni@aphp.fr.
Typhaine Grenet, Email: typhaine_grenet@yahoo.fr.
Franck Fajnkuchen, Email: franck.fajnkuchen@gmail.com.
Sylvia Nghiem-Buffet, Email: buffet.nghiem@free.fr.
Corinne Delahaye-Mazza, Email: cdmdoc@orange.fr.
Gabriel Quentel, Email: drgquentel@orange.fr.
Salomon Y. Cohen, Phone: (+33) 142849407, Email: sycsyc75@gmail.com
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
See (Additional file 1: Table S1).