Table 1.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis looking at associations between the Hp genotypes and CIMT, hsCRP and Hp concentrations.
| Variables | Hp genotype |
Univariate |
Multivariate |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hp 2-2 (n = 85) | Hp 2-2 (n = 115) | p value | p value | OR | 95% CI | ||
| Age, years; mean (SD) | 50.82 (13.22) | 48.77 (12.04) | 0.253 | 0.002 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.97 |
| Gender, n | |||||||
| Female | 45 (52.94) | 67 (58.26) | 0.454 | – | – | – | – |
| Male | 40 (47.06) | 48 (41.74) | 0.165 | 0.54 | 0.23 | 1.29 | |
| Ethnicity, n | |||||||
| Chinese | 57 (67.06) | 46 (40.00) | <0.001 | – | – | – | – |
| Non-Chinese | 28 (32.94) | 69 (60.00) | <0.001 | 4.47 | 2.04 | 9.77 | |
| Indian | 24 (28.24) | 63 (54.78) | |||||
| Malay | 4 (4.71) | 6 (5.22) | |||||
| Smoker, n | |||||||
| Non-smokers | 73 (85.88) | 101 (87.83) | 0.686 | – | – | – | – |
| Ever smoked | 12 (14.12) | 14 (12.17) | 0.620 | 1.37 | 0.39 | 4.79 | |
| T2DM, n | |||||||
| No | 18 (21.18) | 22 (19.13) | 0.721 | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 67 (78.82) | 93 (80.87) | 0.395 | 2.31 | 0.34 | 15.95 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 26.52 (6.02) | 27.38 (5.60) | 0.295 | 0.420 | 0.97 | 0.89 | 1.05 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 131.29 (21.02) | 132.11 (21.43) | 0.786 | 0.965 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.03 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 73.74 (10.88) | 74.47 (10.24) | 0.623 | 0.653 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 1.04 |
| Non-HDL (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 3.34 (1.01) | 3.28 (0.81) | 0.688 | 0.075 | 0.67 | 0.43 | 1.04 |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 7.93 (2.02) | 7.96 (2.01) | 0.917 | 0.416 | 1.14 | 0.83 | 1.58 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 8.20 (3.77) | 8.54 (3.91) | 0.547 | 0.475 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 1.09 |
| Average CIMT (multiplied by 10) (mm), mean (SD) | 5.98 (1.20) | 6.15 (1.22) | 0.308 | 0.013 | 1.73 | 1.12 | 2.66 |
| hsCRP (mg/L), mean (SD) | 2.15 (2.56) | 3.53 (3.89) | 0.005 | <0.001 | 1.62 | 1.29 | 2.03 |
| Haptoglobin (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 147.40 (56.82) | 116.90 (54.42) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 |
| Subjects on statins, n (%) | 54 (63.53) | 70 (60.87) | 0.623 | 0.679 | 1.26 | 0.43 | 3.68 |
| Subjects on aspirin, n (%) | 10 (11.76) | 13 (11.30) | 0.896 | 0.690 | 1.31 | 0.34 | 5.00 |
| Subjects on ACE/ARB, n (%) | 42 (49.41) | 53 (46.01) | 0.585 | 0.862 | 1.08 | 0.43 | 2.70 |
| Subjects on insulin, n (%) | 38 (44.71) | 40 (34.78) | 0.136 | 0.036 | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.93 |
| Subjects on metformin, n (%) | 56 (65.88) | 84 (73.04) | 0.331 | 0.644 | 1.39 | 0.34 | 5.60 |
| Subjects on sulphonylureas, n (%) | 27 (31.76) | 43 (37.39) | 0.444 | 0.733 | 1.18 | 0.46 | 3.06 |
Hp: haptoglobin; CIMT: carotid artery intima-media thickness; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ACE/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin receptor blocker.