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Patient 2. Transthoracic echocardiograms (parasternal long-axis views) show A) normal right ventricular (RV) size 3 months before arteriovenous fistula creation (October 2010), B) RV enlargement 22 months after fistula creation (November 2012), and C) unchanged RV size 5 months after fistula ligation (April 2013).
LA = left atrium; LV = left ventricle
