Table 1. Overview of bat-associated infectious agents with zoonotic potential.

Pathogen	Diseases in human	Bat-to-human transmission has been observed	Reference
Viruses
Rhabdoviridae
Rabies virus	Acute fatal encephalitis	Yes	Johnson et al.13
European Bat Lyssavirus type 1	Acute fatal encephalitis	Yes	McElhinney et al.14
European Bat Lyssavirus type 2	Acute fatal encephalitis	Yes	McElhinney et al.14
Bokeloh Bat Lyssavirus		No	Freuling et al.16
West Caucasian Bat virus		No	Kuzmin et al.18
Lleida Bat Lyssavirus		No	Aréchiga Ceballos et al.15
Australian Bat Lyssavirus	Acute fatal encephalitis	Yes	Weir et al.19
Aravan virus		No	Banyard et al.10
Khujand virus		No	Banyard et al.10
Irkut virus	Acute fatal encephalitis	Yes	Banyard et al.10
Lagos Bat Virus		No	Banyard et al.10
Duvenhage virus	Acute fatal encephalitis	Yes	Banyard et al.10
Shimoni bat virus		No	Banyard et al.10
Filoviridae
Ebola virus	Ebola haemorrhagic fever	Yes	Olival and Hayman31
Marburg virus	Marburg haemorrhagic fever	Yes	Olival and Hayman31
Coronaviridae
SARS-CoV	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome	Yes (palm civets, raccoon dogs)a	Drexler et al.23
MERS-CoV	Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome	Yes (camels)a	Drexler et al.23
Paramyxoviridae
Nipah virus	Nipah disease (severe encephalitis)	Yes (pigs)a	Clayton et al.20
Hendra virus	Hendra disease (fatal respiratory disease)	Yes (horses)a	Clayton et al.20
Orthomyxoviridae
Influenza A virus	Respiratory tract infections	No	Freidl et al.37
Bunyaviridae
Hantaan virus	Fatal hemorrhagic fever	No	Holmes and Zhang39
Reoviridae
Mammalian orthoreovirus	Enteric and respiratory infections	Unclear	Wang et al.42
Bacteria
Bartonella spp.	Endocarditis	Unclear	Veikkolainen et al.54
Pasteurella spp.	Systemic infections	No	Mühldorfer51
Leptospira sp.	Systemic infections	Unclear	Vashi et al.64
Salmonella spp.	Salmonellosis	No	Mühldorfer51
E. coli	Several illnesses	No	Mühldorfer51
Fungi
H. capsulatum	Pulmonary and systemic infections	Unclear	Santos et al.71

^aVia intermediate host as indicated.