Table 2. Results From Cross-Lagged Models Predicting Household Disorder, Network Ties, Support, and Strain (n = 2,261).
| Predictor | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | |
| Covariance with W1 household disorder | ||||||||
| Age (in decades) | −0.03** | 0.01 | −0.03** | 0.01 | −0.03** | 0.01 | −0.03** | 0.01 |
| Female | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
| Race/ethnicity (ref.: White or other) | ||||||||
| Black | 0.02*** | 0.01 | 0.02*** | 0.01 | 0.02*** | 0.01 | 0.02*** | 0.01 |
| Hispanic, non-Black | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Education (ref.: less than high school) | ||||||||
| High school | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
| Some college | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| Bachelor's degree or higher | −0.03*** | 0.01 | −0.03*** | 0.01 | −0.03*** | 0.01 | −0.03*** | 0.01 |
| Household income (logged) | −0.13*** | 0.02 | −0.13*** | 0.02 | −0.13*** | 0.02 | −0.13*** | 0.02 |
| Census tract: percent poverty | 0.01*** | 0.00 | 0.01*** | 0.00 | 0.01*** | 0.00 | 0.01*** | 0.00 |
| Cognitive impairment | 0.04** | 0.01 | 0.04** | 0.01 | 0.04** | 0.01 | 0.04** | 0.01 |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.45*** | 0.09 | 0.45*** | 0.09 | 0.45*** | 0.09 | 0.44*** | 0.09 |
| Physical function | 0.11*** | 0.03 | 0.11*** | 0.03 | 0.11*** | 0.03 | 0.11*** | 0.03 |
| Living arrangements at W1 (ref.: partner only) | ||||||||
| Partner and child(ren) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Partner and other(s) | 0.01** | 0.00 | 0.01** | 0.00 | 0.01** | 0.00 | 0.01** | 0.00 |
| Alone | 0.02** | 0.01 | 0.02** | 0.01 | 0.02** | 0.01 | 0.02** | 0.01 |
| Single with child(ren) | 0.01* | 0.00 | 0.01* | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Single with other(s) | 0.02*** | 0.00 | 0.02*** | 0.00 | 0.02*** | 0.00 | 0.02*** | 0.00 |
| Social network size | −0.06* | 0.02 | −0.06* | 0.02 | −0.06* | 0.02 | −0.06** | 0.02 |
| Network proportion kin | −0.00 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.01 | ||
| Friend support | −0.03** | 0.01 | −0.03** | 0.01 | ||||
| Family support | −0.03** | 0.01 | −0.03** | 0.01 | ||||
| Friend strain | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Family strain | 0.02** | 0.01 | ||||||
| W1 covariates → W2 household disorder | ||||||||
| Age (in decades) | −0.08** | 0.02 | −0.08** | 0.02 | −0.09** | 0.02 | −0.08** | 0.02 |
| Female | −0.08* | 0.04 | −0.08* | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.04 |
| Race/ethnicity (ref.: White or other) | ||||||||
| Black | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
| Hispanic, non-Black | −0.14 | 0.07 | −0.13 | 0.07 | −0.13 | 0.08 | −0.14 | 0.07 |
| Education (ref.: less than high school) | ||||||||
| High school | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.06 |
| Some college | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.05 | 0.06 |
| Bachelor's degree or higher | −0.01 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.06 |
| Household income (logged) | −0.08** | 0.02 | −0.08** | 0.02 | −0.08** | 0.06 | −0.09** | 0.03 |
| Census tract: percent poverty | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.18 |
| Cognitive impairment | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Physical function | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Living arrangements at W1 (ref.: partner only) | ||||||||
| Partner and child(ren) | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.11* | 0.05 | 0.12* | 0.05 |
| Partner and other(s) | 0.26** | 0.08 | 0.27** | 0.08 | 0.27** | 0.08 | 0.28*** | 0.08 |
| Alone | 0.13** | 0.04 | 0.12** | 0.04 | 0.13** | 0.04 | 0.13** | 0.04 |
| Single with child(ren) | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.10 |
| Single with other(s) | 0.39*** | 0.09 | 0.39*** | 0.09 | 0.39*** | 0.08 | 0.37*** | 0.08 |
| Partner left household (W1–W2) | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
| Other left household (W1–W2) | −0.21* | 0.09 | −0.21* | 0.09 | −0.21* | 0.09 | −0.22* | 0.08 |
| Residential mobility (W1–W2) | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.04 |
| Social network size | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.02 | ||
| Network proportion kin | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.05 | ||||
| Friend support | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.02 | ||||
| Family support | −0.07* | 0.03 | ||||||
| Friend strain | 0.12 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Cross-lagged dependent variables | ||||||||
| W1 network size → W2 disorder | −0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||
| W1 network proportion kin → W2 disorder | −0.03 | 0.05 | ||||||
| W1 family support → W2 disorder | −0.07* | 0.03 | ||||||
| W1 family strain → W2 disorder | 0.03 | 0.04 | ||||||
| W1 disorder → W2 network size | −0.04 | 0.06 | ||||||
| W1 disorder → W2 network proportion kin | 0.03* | 0.01 | ||||||
| W1 disorder → W2 family support | — | — | 0.01 | 0.02 | ||||
| W1 disorder → W2 family strain | — | — | — | 0.04** | 0.02 | |||
| W1 social variable → W2 social variablea | 0.30*** | 0.03 | 0.44*** | 0.03 | 0.31*** | 0.03 | 0.28*** | 0.03 |
| W1 disorder → W2 disorder | 0.44*** | 0.03 | 0.44*** | 0.03 | 0.43*** | 0.03 | 0.44*** | 0.03 |
| Fit statistics | ||||||||
| χ2 (df) | 1,172.73*** (47) | 1,368.33*** (49) | 1,246.21*** (53) | 1,178.38*** (57) | ||||
| Comparative fit index | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Tucker–Lewis Index | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| RMSEA [90% CI] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | ||||
Note. Estimates are survey adjusted and weighted for the probability of selection, with poststratification adjustments for nonresponse at Wave 1 (W1). To adjust for attrition from W1 to Wave 2 (W2), each model also includes lambda, or the probability that a W1 respondent would not be included in the analysis based on a probit model predicting participation at W2. ref. = reference category; RMSEA = root-mean-square error of approximation; CI = confidence interval.
a
Social variable refers to the indicator of social network characteristics, support, or strain that is used as the dependent variable in the model (e.g., network size in Model 1).
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.