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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Evolution. 2016 Jul 27;70(8):1913–1921. doi: 10.1111/evo.12999

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Previously inferred phylogeny of select Danaus species and additional milkweed butterflies (Danainae subfamily; based on: Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984; Lushai et al. 2003; Smith et al. 2005; Brower et al. 2010). Note: Brower et al. (2010) placed D. eresimus and D. gilippus as sister species, with the D. chrysippus group their sister lineage. Also shown are amino acid sequences of the H1–H2 extracellular domain of the ATPα in these species. The presence of a valine at position 111 (blue letters) likely enhances these butterflies’ ability to feed on milkweed and possibly sequester cardenolides (Petschenka et al. 2013). The N122H mutation (red letters), observed in D. plexippus, D. erippus and D. eresimus, likely further contributes to increased cardenolide feeding and sequestration abilities (Zhen et al. 2012; Petschenka et al. 2013).