Table 2.
Associations between sleep fragmentation and efficiency on dietary intake1.
| Dietary Intake | Energy, kcal
|
Fat, g
|
Protein, g
|
Carbohydrate, g
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Sleep Fragmentation, SD | ||||||||
| Model 12 | 25.32 (-37.3, 87.9) | 0.43 | 1.00 (-0.5, 2.5) | 0.18 | 0.42 (-1.0, 1.8) | 0.55 | -5.38 (-9.4, -1.4) | 0.014 |
| Model 23 | 0.08 (-64.0, 64.0) | 1.00 | 1.28 (-0.2, 2.8) | 0.10 | 0.46 (-1.0, 1.9) | 0.54 | -4.19 (-8.0, -0.3) | 0.035 |
| Sleep Efficiency, % | ||||||||
| Model 12 | -11.10 (-20.6, -1.7) | 0.02 | -0.02 (-0.3, 0.2) | 0.85 | -0.04 (-0.3, 0.2) | 0.75 | 0.13 (-0.5, 0.7) | 0.67 |
| Model 23 | -8.75 (-18.4, 0.9) | 0.08 | -0.09 (-0.3, 0.1) | 0.47 | 0.01 (-0.2, 0.2) | 0.91 | 0.15 (-0.4, 0.7) | 0.62 |
Association coefficients are shown as βs (95% CIs). β represents the change in total energy (in kcal per day) macronutrient intake (in g per day) per each additional change in sleep fragmentation or sleep efficiency. Bold type indicates significant values. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval.
Model 1: adjusted for sex, age, BMI, and total energy intake (except for when assessing total energy intake as an outcome).
Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 covariates and smoking status, education level, alcohol intake, coffee intake, daytime napping, depressive symptoms, physical activity, sleep apnea, and type 2 diabetes status.
Simple Carbohydrate [β (95% CI) =-4.27 (-8.2, -0.4); P =0.03]; Complex Carbohydrate [β (95% CI) =0.54 (-0.7, 1.8); P =0.40].
Simple Carbohydrate [β (95% CI) =-3.30 (-7.3, 0.7); P =0.10]; Complex Carbohydrate [β (95% CI) =-0.89 (-3.6, 1.8); P =0.51].