Table 2.

Associations between sleep fragmentation and efficiency on dietary intake¹.

Dietary Intake	Energy, kcal		Fat, g		Protein, g		Carbohydrate, g
	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value
Sleep Fragmentation, SD
Model 12	25.32 (-37.3, 87.9)	0.43	1.00 (-0.5, 2.5)	0.18	0.42 (-1.0, 1.8)	0.55	-5.38 (-9.4, -1.4)	0.014
Model 23	0.08 (-64.0, 64.0)	1.00	1.28 (-0.2, 2.8)	0.10	0.46 (-1.0, 1.9)	0.54	-4.19 (-8.0, -0.3)	0.035
Sleep Efficiency, %
Model 12	-11.10 (-20.6, -1.7)	0.02	-0.02 (-0.3, 0.2)	0.85	-0.04 (-0.3, 0.2)	0.75	0.13 (-0.5, 0.7)	0.67
Model 23	-8.75 (-18.4, 0.9)	0.08	-0.09 (-0.3, 0.1)	0.47	0.01 (-0.2, 0.2)	0.91	0.15 (-0.4, 0.7)	0.62

¹Association coefficients are shown as βs (95% CIs). β represents the change in total energy (in kcal per day) macronutrient intake (in g per day) per each additional change in sleep fragmentation or sleep efficiency. Bold type indicates significant values. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval.

²Model 1: adjusted for sex, age, BMI, and total energy intake (except for when assessing total energy intake as an outcome).

³Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 covariates and smoking status, education level, alcohol intake, coffee intake, daytime napping, depressive symptoms, physical activity, sleep apnea, and type 2 diabetes status.

⁴Simple Carbohydrate [β (95% CI) =-4.27 (-8.2, -0.4); P =0.03]; Complex Carbohydrate [β (95% CI) =0.54 (-0.7, 1.8); P =0.40].

⁵Simple Carbohydrate [β (95% CI) =-3.30 (-7.3, 0.7); P =0.10]; Complex Carbohydrate [β (95% CI) =-0.89 (-3.6, 1.8); P =0.51].