Table 3.
Associations between sleep duration (continuous and categorical) and dietary intake1.
| Dietary Intake | Energy, kcal
|
Fat, g
|
Protein, g
|
Carbohydrate, g
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Sleep duration, actigraphic | ||||||||
| Continuous, h | -53.3 (-131.8, 25.4) | 0.18 | -0.18 (-2.1, 1.7) | 0.85 | -0.83 (-2.6, 0.9) | 0.36 | -1.03 (-5.7, 3.7) | 0.67 |
| Categorical | ||||||||
| < 5.5 h | 218.06 (33.3, 402.8) | 0.02 | 3.65 (-0.8, 8.1) | 0.11 | 1.91 (-2.3, 6.1) | 0.37 | -3.55 (-14.7, 7.6) | 0.53 |
| ≥ 5.5 to < 6.5 h | 47.05 (-79.4, 173.5) | 0.47 | -0.11 (-3.1, 2.9) | 0.94 | 1.93 (-0.9, 4.8) | 0.19 | 2.04 (-5.6, 9.6) | 0.60 |
| ≥ 6.5 to < 7.5 h | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| ≥ 7.5 h | 105.5 (-140.9, 351.9) | 0.40 | 1.86 (-4.0, 7.8) | 0.54 | 1.59 (-4.0, 7.1) | 0.58 | -2.26 (-17.1, 12.6) | 0.77 |
| Sleep duration, self- reported | ||||||||
| Continuous, h | -36.07 (-104.8, 32.7) | 0.30 | 0.24 (-1.4, 1.9) | 0.78 | 0.26 (-1.3, 1.8) | 0.74 | -1.77 (-5.9, 2.3) | 0.40 |
| Categorical | ||||||||
| < 6.0 h | 88.22 (-104.3, 280.7) | 0.37 | 0.04 (-4.6, 4.6) | 0.99 | 0.27 (-4.0, 4.6) | 0.90 | 1.95 (-9.6, 13.5) | 0.74 |
| ≥ 6.0 to < 7.0 h | 81.41 (-45.4, 208.3) | 0.21 | 0.79 (-2.2, 3.8) | 0.61 | -2.34 (-5.2, 0.5) | 0.11 | 4.53 (-3.1, 12.1) | 0.24 |
| ≥ 7.0 to < 8.0 h | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| ≥ 8.0 h | -0.49 (-219.0, 220.0) | 1.00 | 2.56 (-2.7, 7.9) | 0.34 | -3.11 (-8.0, 1.8) | 0.22 | -2.53 (-15.7, 10.6) | 0.71 |
Association coefficients are shown as βs (95% CIs). β represents 1) continuous: the change in energy (in kcal per day) or macronutrient intake (in g per day) per each additional hour of sleep; or 2) categorical: the difference in energy (in kcal per day) or macronutrient intake (in g per day) from reference sleep group (≥7 to < 8 h); adjusted for sex, age, BMI, and total energy intake (except for when assessing energy intake as an outcome), smoking status, education level, alcohol intake, coffee intake, daytime napping, depressive symptoms, physical activity, sleep apnea, and type 2 diabetes status (Model 2). Bold type indicates significant values. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval. Actigraphic and subjective sleep durations were divided into 4 categories using previously determined cutoffs (van den Berg et al. 2008a) to achieve groups of adequate sample sizes necessary to reflect the possible U- or J- shaped association between sleep duration and dietary intake outcomes.