Table VII.
Regression for healthcare usage
| Dependent variable | ||
|---|---|---|
| Having outpatient visit | Having inpatient visit | |
| UEMI | 0.021 (0.017) | 0.039*** (0.014) |
| URMI | 0.013 (0.020) | 0.022* (0.013) |
| NCMS | 0.017 (0.013) | 0.032*** (0.009) |
| Other health insurance | −0.006 (0.020) | 0.036** (0.015) |
| Multiple health insurance | 0.023 (0.019) | 0.003 (0.017) |
| Log(PCE) | 0.024** (0.011) | 0.012 (0.008) |
| UEMI * demeaned Log(PCE) | −0.005 (0.016) | 0.021 (0.013) |
| URMI * demeaned Log(PCE) | 0.013 (0.019) | 0.014 (0.014) |
| NCMS * demeaned Log(PCE) | −0.012 (0.012) | 0.023*** (0.009) |
| Other HI * demeaned Log(PCE) | 0.019 (0.018) | 0.006 (0.013) |
| Multiple HI * demeaned Log(PCE) | −0.013 (0.021) | −0.016 (0.014) |
| Can read and write | 0.024** (0.010) | 0.014* (0.008) |
| Elementary school | 0.021** (0.010) | −0.001 (0.007) |
| Middle school and above | 0.014 (0.010) | 0.002 (0.008) |
| Age 55–64 | −0.003 (0.007) | 0.013** (0.005) |
| Age 65–74 | −0.001 (0.010) | 0.036*** (0.008) |
| Age 75+ | −0.005 (0.014) | 0.059*** (0.012) |
| Male | −0.036*** (0.006) | 0.013*** (0.005) |
| Never married/divorced/separated | −0.015 (0.012) | −0.025*** (0.008) |
| Widowed | −0.001 (0.011) | −0.026*** (0.008) |
| Self-reported poor health | 0.145*** (0.009) | 0.079*** (0.008) |
| Any major chronic conditions | 0.047*** (0.010) | 0.080*** (0.009) |
| Any minor chronic conditions | 0.079*** (0.007) | 0.020*** (0.005) |
| Any ADL/IADL | 0.027*** (0.009) | 0.044*** (0.007) |
| Constant | −0.132 (0.094) | −0.128* (0.068) |
| Observations | 17,014 | 17,100 |
| R2 | 0.130 | 0.106 |
| p-value of F-test for all age dummies | 0.969 | 0.000 |
| p-value of F-test for all education dummies | 0.081 | 0.194 |
| p-value of F-test for insurance schemes and interaction terms | 0.216 | 0.011 |
| p-value of F-test for PCE and its interaction terms | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| p-value of F-test for interaction terms between PCE and insurance schemes | 0.169 | 0.125 |
| p-value of F-test for all health variables | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Robust standard errors (clustered at the community level) are in parentheses. Reference group of health insurance dummies are people with no health insurance. All regressions control community fixed effects. As the health status variables are possibly endogenous, we also run regressions without them but obtain similar results.
NCMS, New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme; UEMI, Urban Employee Medical Insurance; URMI, Urban Resident Medical Insurance; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, Instrumental activities of daily living; HI, Health insurance.
***
p < 0.01,
**
p < 0.05,
*
p < 0.1.