Table 1.
Epigenetic mechanisms in cognition and IDDs.
| Epigenetic changes | Writers | Erasers | Readers | Effect on gene expression | Effects on cognition | IDDs involved |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5mC | DNMTs | TETs AID/Apobec |
MBPs | Repression | Memory formation [17, 18] Memory consolidation [24] |
Rett Syndrome [25] |
|
| ||||||
| mCH | DNMT3a | TETs AID/Apobec |
MBPs (e.g., MeCP2) |
Repression | Rett Syndrome [26] | |
|
| ||||||
| 5hmC | TETs | Activation | Memory formation [22] Memory extinction [23] LTD [23] |
|||
|
| ||||||
| Histone acetylation | HATs | HDACs (HDAC1–5, SIRT1) | CPB BRDs |
Activation | Memory formation [27] Memory consolidation [28, 29] Depression [30] Fear extinction [31] |
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome [32, 33] |
|
| ||||||
| Histone methylation | HMTs (MLL, GLP/G9a) | HDMs (LSD1, JMJD1a) | Chromodomains (e.g., HP1) | Activation/repression | Memory formation [34] Memory consolidation [35] Adaptive behaviour [36] |
Kleefstra syndrome [37, 38] Sotos syndrome [39] Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome [40] Kabuki syndrome [41, 42] Weaver syndrome 2 [43] Claes-Jensen-type syndromic X-linked ID [44] Siderius X-linked ID [45] |
|
| ||||||
| Chromatin remodelling | nBAF, ATRX | Activation/repression | Long-term memory formation [46] | Coffin-Siris Syndrome [47] Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome [48] ATRX syndrome [49] ASD [50] |
||