Figure 1. The predictive error and explanatory power of models that include only the intercept (NULL), LUI alone, subregion alone, additive effects, or interactive effects.

LUI = Land Use and Intensity. For explanatory power, solid bars show the marginal R²_glmm (the variance explained by fixed effects) and the hashed bars show the conditional R²_glmm (the variance explained by both random and fixed effects). Error bars show the standard error of the mean predictive error across 10 folds of cross validation. Note that the predictive error should only be compared among models assessing the same response variable, as absolute values depend on the measurement scale.