Table 2.
Timing of driver licensure in relation to demographic characteristics, sample of 18- to 20-year-olds, United States, 2012
| Licensed within 12 months of state minimum age | Licensed before 18 th birthday | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted % | Adjusted prevalence ratio* (95% CI) | Unadjusted % | Adjusted prevalence ratio* (95% CI) | |
| All (n = 1,039) | 44 | 54 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18 (n = 329) | 45 | 1 [Reference] | 56 | 1 [Reference] |
| 19 (n = 359) | 42 | 1.01 (0.80–1.27) | 52 | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) |
| 20 (n = 351) | 45 | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | 53 | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male (n = 468) | 42 | 1 [Reference] | 51 | 1 [Reference] |
| Female (n = 571) | 46 | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 57 | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) |
| Census region | ||||
| Northeast (n = 193) | 48 | 1 [Reference] | 50 | 1 [Reference] |
| Midwest (n = 261) | 56 | 1.21 (0.95–1.54) | 68 | 1.48 (1.19–1.85) |
| South (n = 316) | 38 | 1.01 (0.77–1.32) | 51 | 1.30 (1.03–1.63) |
| West (n = 269) | 39 | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | 49 | 1.23 (0.97–1.55) |
| Place of residence at age 16 † | ||||
| Out in the country (n = 136) | 57 | 1 [Reference] | 69 | 1 [Reference] |
| Small town (n = 212) | 42 | 0.87 (0.63–1.20) | 50 | 0.82 (0.64–1.05) |
| Medium-sized town (n = 246) | 45 | 0.84 (0.62–1.15) | 56 | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) |
| Small city (n = 224) | 47 | 0.97 (0.71–1.33) | 54 | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) |
| Large city (n = 215) | 34 | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) | 48 | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) |
| Household income | ||||
| <$20,000 (n = 200) | 16 | 0.28 (0.17–0.47) | 25 | 0.37 (0.25–0.55) |
| $20,000 – $39,999 (n = 230) | 27 | 0.50 (0.36–0.71) | 34 | 0.54 (0.41–0.70) |
| $40,000 – $59,999 (n = 159) | 44 | 0.72 (0.54–0.95) | 52 | 0.68 (0.54–0.85) |
| $60,000 – $99,999 (n = 233) | 52 | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 64 | 0.81 (0.68–0.96) |
| $100,000+ (n = 217) | 67 | 1 [Reference] | 79 | 1 [Reference] |
| Race & ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white (n = 632) | 56 | 1 [Reference] | 67 | 1 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic black (n = 96) | 24 | 0.57 (0.36–0.90) | 37 | 0.67 (0.48–0.93) |
| Non-Hispanic other, incl. 2+ races (n = 90) | 46 | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) | 51 | 0.87 (0.67–1.13) |
| Hispanic (n = 221) | 21 | 0.57 (0.38–0.87) | 29 | 0.60 (0.45–0.81) |
Notes: Missing values for timing of licensure (n = 23; 3% of weighted responses) were imputed 20 times and averaged.
*Adjusted prevalence ratios estimated using multivariable logistic regression followed by marginal standardization.
†6 respondents with missing data on place of residence at age 16 were excluded.