Scanning electron micrographs of 2D (A), low-resolution 3D (B, C) and high-resolution 3D (D, E) constructs. Low magnification (A [left], B, D) shows macrostructure of constructs, whereas high magnification (A [right], C, E) shows micro- and nanoroughness of surfaces. 2D, two-dimensional; 3D, three-dimensional.