Table 1. Main characteristics of cohort studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Country/Cohort Designation | Follow-up (y) | Participants (cases) | Age (y) | Psychosocial work characteristics | Adjusted RR (95%CI) | Exposure assessment | Case ascertainment | Adjustment for potential confounders | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kawakami, 1999 [26] | Japan/Electrical Co. | 8 | 2597 men (34) | 18–60 | Job strain | M:1.34 (0.50,3.55) | JCQ | OGTT, FPG | Age, education, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking, leisure time physical activity, family history | 8 |
| Kroenke 2007 [27] | USA/NHS II | 5.8 | 62574 women (365) | 29–46 | Job strain | F:1.11 (0.80,1.52) | JCQ | Confirmed self-report | Age, BMI, family history of diabetes, work hours, rotating night-shift work, hours at work sitting, job support, hours per week of, work at home, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, trans-unsaturated fat intake, glycemic load, caffeine intake, marital status, number of children, menopausal status, vitamin supplementation, aspirin use | 6 |
| Heraclides 2009 [28] | UK/Whitehall II | 11.6 | 4166 men and 1729 women (308) | 35–55 | Job demands, Decision latitude, Job strain | Job demands: T: 0.88(0.70–1.10) M: 0.82 (0.63–1.07) F: 1.06 (0.70–1.62) Decision latitude: T: 0.94(0.75–1.18) M: 0.86 (0.66–1.13) F: 1.09 (0.70–1.69) Job strain: T: 1.04 (0.80–1.34) M: 0.82 (0.59–1.15) F: 1.59 (1.03–2.45) | JCQ | Confirmed self-report, OGTT, use of diabetes medication | Age | 7 |
| Smith, 2012 [29] | Canada/CHS | 9 | 3691 men and 3752 women (639) | 35–60 | Job demands, Decision latitude | Job demands: T:–M: 1.30 (0.81–2.08) F: 1.32 (0.75–2.33) Decision latitude: T:–M: 0.92 (0.56–1.51) F: 2.04 (1.15–3.61) | JCQ | Physician reported | Age, immigration status, ethnicity, marital status, urban or rural living location, education, heart disease at baseline, hypertension at baseline, depression at baseline, activity limitations at work due to health problems, shift schedule, weeks worked, multiple jobs, physical activity at work, smoking, alcohol, leisure time physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, BMI | 8 |
| Eriksson, 2013 [30] | Sweden/SDPP | 8–10 | 2227 men and 3205 women (171) | 35–56 | Job demands, Decision latitude, Job strain | Job demands: T:0.70 (0.50–1.10) M: 0.50 (0.30–0.90) F: 1.00 (0.50–2.00) Decision latitude: T: 1.30 (0.80–2.10) M: 0.90 (0.50–1.70) F: 2.40 (1.10–5.20) Job strain: T: 0.80 (0.50–1.40) M: 0.50 (0.30–0.90) F: 2.10 (0.90–4.80) | Swedish version of the JCQ | OGTT | Age, Educational level, psychological distress, family history of diabetes, BMI, physical activity, smoking, civil status | 8 |
| Huth, 2014 [31] | Germany/ MONICA | 12.7 | 3350 men and 1987 women (291) | 29–66 | Job strain | Job strain: T: 1.45 (1.00–2.10) M:–F: – | JCQ | Self-report | Age, sex, baseline survey, BMI, low education, physical intensity of work, parental history of diabetes, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol intake, living alone | 8 |
| Nyberg, 2014[32] | Finland, France, Denmark, Sweden, UK/ IPD-Work | 10.3 | 54006 men and 70802women (3703) | 35–53 | Job strain | Job strain: T: 1.15 (1.06–1.25) M: 1.19 (1.06–1.34) F: 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | JCQ, DCQ | OGTT, hospital records, mortality register, medication reimbursement, self-report | Age, sex, SES, working hours, BMI, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption | 8 |
NHS II, Nurses Health Study; CHS, Community Health Survey; SDPP, Stockholm Diabetes Prevention Program; MONICA, Monitoring Trends and Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease; IPD-Work, Individual-Participant-Data meta-analysis of Work; JCQ, Job Content Questionnaire; DCQ, demand control questionnaire; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; BMI, body mass index; SES, socioeconomic status.