Table 2. Pre and post exercise blood values at baseline and at 88 days following supplementation.
The baseline values were averaged over both baseline sessions.
| Reference Range | Pre-exercise | 10-minutes post exercise | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Damage | ||||
| Lipid Peroxides (TBARs, μmol/L) | ≤ 10 | |||
| Protandim® Group | ||||
| Baseline | 8.4 (2.1) | 8.5 (2.4) | +0.1 (1.7) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 7.4 (2.2) | 7.5 (2.6) | +0.1 (1.2) | |
| Placebo Group | ||||
| Baseline | 7.9 (1.9) | 8.5 (2.5) | +0.6 (1.9) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 7.7 (3.9) | 6.7 (2.5) | -1.0 (4.8) | |
| Protective Enzymes | ||||
| Superoxide dismutase* (SOD, U/g Hb x 1000) | 5.3 to 16.7 | |||
| Protandim® Group | 11.5 (3.4) | 11.2 (3.5) | -0.3 (1.2) | |
| Baseline | 20.2 (8.3) | 20.6 (7.4) | +0.4 (3.0) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | ||||
| Placebo Group | 11.7 (3.7) | 12.0 (3.5) | +0.3 (1.1) | |
| Baseline | 18.7 (6.2) | 19.2 (6.7) | +0.5 (3.4) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | ||||
| Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX, U/g Hb)* | 20 to 38 | |||
| Protandim® Group | ||||
| Baseline | 27.7 (4.5) | 27.3 (4.3) | -0.4 (1.9) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 30.7 (4.4) | 31.4 (5.2) | +0.7 (3.4) | |
| Placebo Group | ||||
| Baseline | 28.4 (7.4) | 28.6 (7.1) | +0.2 (1.3) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 31.9 (7.8) | 31.4 (6.5) | -0.5 (2.8) | |
| Other | ||||
| Glucose levels (fasted) (mg/dL)* | < 100 | |||
| Protandim® Group | ||||
| Baseline | 92 (5) | 166 (25) | +74 (27) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 91 (5) | 158 (46) | +67 (44) | |
| Placebo Group | ||||
| Baseline | 90 (8) | 161 (35) | +71 (33) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 91 (9) | 166 (43) | +75 (39) | |
| Reserve | ||||
| Glutathione (GSH) (μmol/L x 10) | ≥ 66.9 | |||
| Protandim® Group | ||||
| Baseline | 103 (13) | 103 (11) | 0 (9) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 104 (30) | 112 (18) | +8 (29) | |
| Placebo Group | ||||
| Baseline | 102 (19) | 100 (20) | -2 (8) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 96 (18) | 96 (13) | 0 (16) | |
| Total Antioxidant Capacity* (TAC, mmol/L) | ≥ 0.54 | |||
| Protandim® Group | ||||
| Baseline | 0.86 (0.07) | 0.97 (0.07) | +0.11 (0.06) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 0.80 (0.07) | 0.91 (0.09) | +0.11 (0.06) | |
| Placebo Group | ||||
| Baseline | 0.86 (0.06) | 0.97 (0.06) | +0.11 (0.04) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 0.80 (0.06) | 0.90 (0.07) | +0.10 (0.03) | |
| Cysteine (mg/dL)* | 0.61 to 1.16 | |||
| Protandim® Group | ||||
| Baseline | 0.66 (0.14) | 0.67 (0.14) | +0.01 (0.13) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 0.58 (0.13) | 0.67 (0.17) | +0.10 (0.14) | |
| Placebo Group | ||||
| Baseline | 0.63 (0.07) | 0.69 (0.08) | +0.06 (0.09) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 0.61 (0.14) | 0.61 (0.14) | +0.00 (0.10) | |
| Cystine (mg/dL) | 1.6 to 1.2 | |||
| Protandim® Group | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.4) | +0.2 (0.2) | |
| Baseline | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.5) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | ||||
| Placebo Group | ||||
| Baseline | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.3) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.4) | +0.2 (0.2) | |
| Cysteine to Cystine ratio# | 0.23 to 0.53 | |||
| Protandim® Group | 0.33 (0.12) | 0.31 (0.13) | -0.01 (0.08) | |
| Baseline | 0.29 (0.12) | 0.34 (0.15) | +0.05 (0.08) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | ||||
| Placebo Group | ||||
| Baseline | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.31 (0.06) | +0.02 (0.08) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.07) | -0.02 (0.06) | |
| Sulfate (mg/dL) | 3.0 to 5.9 | |||
| Protandim® Group | ||||
| Baseline | 3.8 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.6) | +0.2 (0.6) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 3.9 (0.6) | 4.1 (0.8) | +0.2 (0.4) | |
| Placebo Group | ||||
| Baseline | 3.9 (0.9) | 4.4 (1.1) | +0.5 (1.0) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 3.8 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.8) | +0.3 (0.6) | |
| Cysteine to Sulfate ratio | 0.12 to 0.32 | |||
| Protandim® Group | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.04) | |
| Baseline | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.04) | +0.02 (0.04) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | ||||
| Placebo Group | ||||
| Baseline | 0.17 (0.14) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.04) | |
| 88 days post-supplementation | 0.16 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.04) | -0.01 (0.03) |
Mean (SD). There were 16 and 19 subjects in the Protandim Group and Placebo group, respectively, that completed all sessions. This was assessed by a 2 x 4 mixed design ANOVA (2 groups, 4 time-points: pre and post exercise at baseline, and pre and post exercise post-supplementation).
* shows that a main effect of Time was present, even after adjusting for multiple comparisons.
# shows that a Group x Time interaction effect was present (p < 0.05).
The reference range was provided to us by Genova Diagnostics.