Modified and used with permission from Spaeth et al., 2010, 2012a,b,c.
PKA, PKC: phosphokinase A or C, Epac: exchange protein activated by cAMP, DAG: diacyl-glycerol. PEG bypasses all endogenous sealing pathways and induces sealing of small holes or complete transection within a fraction of a second by collapse and fusion of plasmalemmal leaflets to produce “PEG-Sealing”.