Table 1. Parents Report of Corporal Punishment and Child Externalizing Behaviors and Observed Harsh and Positive Parenting: Correlations and Descriptive Statistics (N = 218 families).

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Mother's corporal punishment T1	–
2. Father's corporal punishment T1	.58**	–
3. Mother' harsh parenting T1	.22**	.18**	–
4. Father's harsh parenting T1	.16*	.25**	.21**	–
5. Mother's positive parenting T1	-.10	-.16*	-.46**	-.14	–
6. Father's positive parenting T1	-.18*	-.23**	-.29**	-.35**	.51**	–
7. Externalizing behaviors at T1	.30**	.21**	.14*	.14*	-.16*	-.28**	–
8. Externalizing behaviors at T2	.21*	.32**	.17*	.13	-.13	-.13	.60**	–
M	1.87	1.91	6.85	6.54	15.74	16.24	21.14	19.50
SD	.72	.79	4.60	4.30	4.21	3.99	10.02	9.79
Range	1 – 4	1 – 4	3 – 26	3 – 25	4 – 27	4 – 26	1 – 50	1 – 50

Note: T1 = Time 1 (age 2), T2 = Time 2 (age 3).

^*p< .05.

^**p< .01 (two-tailed).