HIV protein-protein interaction networks. Surface or cartoon representations of 16 HIV protein structures are shown in squares. Three types of colored arrows represent HIV pairwise protein interactions between 16 mature HIV proteins. Green arrows, well-known interactions that have been cited >300 times or have been reported by at least 3 publications with more than 100 citations in total (see Table S2 in the supplemental material); gray arrows, little-known interactions that have been reported by a single paper with fewer than 100 citations; blue arrows, lesser-known interactions, including the remaining interactions. Four protein groups are shown background areas. Gray, Env glycoproteins; blue, regulatory proteins; pink, viral enzymes; yellow, structural proteins. According to our current knowledge, neither mature capsid nor Vpu physically interacts with any other HIV proteins.