FIG 13.

Overview of HIV-1 pairwise protein associations during the HIV-1 life cycle. The approximate numbers of viral proteins per HIV-1 particle are annotated in the box at the top left (see Viral Assembly and Budding). Direct physical interactions between HIV-1 proteins are shown by different arrow marks, annotated in the key at the top. If an interaction exerts multiple activities, only the major function is annotated by an arrow mark. Dash lines demonstrate functional protein associations in which two HIV-1 proteins interact with a third molecule, whose name is placed within a text box. Tables 1 and 3 summarize physical protein interactions and functional associations at each stage of the HIV-1 life cycle. Detailed signaling pathways and mechanisms of action are described in the text. Annotated protein associations indicate only their presence at a certain stage of the HIV-1 life cycle and do not indicate the simultaneous existence of all possible associations. Note that protein shapes do not represent the exact protein structures, nor are the protein sizes to scale.