TABLE 3.
Effects of epigenetic proteins and other factors on rDNA silencing during cancer
| Factor | Gene | Disease(s) | Cell line(s) | Effect of gene loss/presence on rRNA synthesisa | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA CpG methylation | DNMT1 | Colon cancer | HCT116 | + | 181 |
| DNMT3a | Glioblastoma | U1242MG | + | 180 | |
| DNMT3b | Colon cancer | HCT116 | + | 181 | |
| Histone modification | HDAC1 | Osteosarcoma | SaOS-2 | + | 190 |
| JHDM1A/KDM2A | Breast cancer | MCF7 | + | 83 | |
| JHDM1B/KDM2B | Glioblastoma, breast cancer | T98G, MCF7, ZR-75-1, MDA-MB-231 | + | 84, 217 | |
| PHF2/KDM7B | Colon cancer, lung cancer | HCT116, A549 | + | 185 | |
| PHF8/KDM7C | Osteosarcoma | U2OS | − | 86 | |
| TIP60/KAT5 | Prostate cancer | LNCaP | +* | 186 | |
| Other | ZNF454 | Gastric cancer | MGC803 | + | 218 |
| PTEN | Prostate cancer, glioblastoma | LNCaP, U87 | + | 219 | |
| p14ARF/CDKN2A | Bronchoalveolar carcinoma | H358 | +* | 220 | |
| RUNX1/AML1 | Acute myeloid leukemia | Kasumi-1 | + | 221 | |
| RUNX2 | Osteosarcoma | SaOS-2 | + | 190 |
a
“+,” increase in rRNA synthesis; “−,” decrease in rRNA synthesis. “*” indicates the presence or overexpression of the gene.