TABLE 1.
Phenotypes of lgt and lsp mutants of Gram-positive bacteriaa
| Species (mutation[s]) | Phenotype | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Staphylococcus aureus (Δlgt) | Release of unmodified pre-Lpp is enhanced | 12 |
| No [14C]palmitic acid-labeled Lpp is observed | 12 | |
| Growth is affected in nutrient-poor medium | 12 | |
| Decreased induction of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1) in human monocytic (MonoMac6), epithelial (pulmonary A549), and endothelial (human umbilical vein endothelial) cells | 12 | |
| No induction of early cytokines via the TLR2-MyD88 signaling pathway in murine peritoneal macrophages, decreased pathogenicity in a C57BL/6 mouse sepsis model, decreased IL-1β chemokine-mediated inflammation, impaired iron uptake under infectious conditions | 17 | |
| Attenuated in S. aureus-induced bone destruction, affected in osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption | 35 | |
| Affected to induce the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) in host cells | 36 | |
| No induction of IL-8 expression in the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 | 37 | |
| Staphylococcus aureus (Tnlgt) | Hypervirulent, escapes immune recognition, causes lethal infections with disseminated abscess formation | 19 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae (lgt and lsp) | Affected in virulence in animal models | 21, 22 |
| Streptococcus agalactiae (lgt) | More sensitive to oxidative stress, reduced retention of group B carbohydrate and the polysaccharide capsule, decreased adherence to human endothelial cells of fetal origin | 23 |
| Streptococcus equi (lgt) | Attenuated virulence in a mouse model, significantly attenuated in a pony infection model | 25 |
| Streptococcus pyogenes (lsp) | Growth defect under zinc-limited conditions, significantly attenuated in virulence | 26 |
| Streptococcus sanguinis (lgt and lsp) | Impaired growth and attenuated virulence | 129 |
| Enterococcus faecalis (lgt) | Impaired growth and attenuated virulence | 44 |
| Listeria monocytogenes (lgt) | Impaired in invasion and intracellular survival, increased susceptibility to cationic peptides, markedly attenuated in mouse infection model | 27, 28 |
| Bacillus anthracis (lgt) | Impaired spore germination and attenuated virulence | 45 |
| Clostridium difficile (lgt) | Impaired sporulation | 46 |
a
Lgt, phosphatidylglycerol-pro-Lpp diacylglyceryl transferase; Lsp, type II signal peptidase.