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(A) and (B) show intravenous anesthesia with laryngeal mask and face mask, and endotracheal intubation was not required. (C) A flexible endoscope was introduced into the thoracic cavity through a long trocar. The coloured arrows indicate the following: black, 20-cm long trocar; red, pipe of carbon dioxide; pink, flexible endoscope; blue, hot biopsy forceps. (D) An endoscopic view of right thoracic cavity. The black arrow shows the sympathetic chain.
