TABLE 3—
List of Selected Outcomes Studied in the Nurses’ Health Study and Estimates of Total Available Cases
| Total Events, No. |
|||
| Outcome | NHS | NHS II | Reference (See Online Appendix) |
| General | |||
| Total mortality | 22 800 | 2 600 | Kawachi et al. (1993) |
| Weight | All participants | All participants | Fine et al. (1999) |
| Incident diabetes | 17 500 | 9 000 | Hu et al. (2001) |
| Incident primary hyperparathyroidism | 350 | NC | Vaidya et al. (2015) |
| Incident kidney stones | 1 500 | 1 800 | Ferraro et al. (2014) |
| Incident depression (diagnosis and treatment) | 11 500 | 12 500 | Chang et al. (2016) |
| Cancer outcomes | |||
| Incident breast cancer | 13 000 | 5 300 | Hankinson et al. (1998) |
| Incident colorectal cancer | 3 000 | 400 | Giovannucci et al. (1995) |
| Incident endometrial (uterine) cancer | 2 000 | 700 | De Vivo et al. (2002) |
| Incident pancreatic cancer | 800 | 50 | Michaud et al. (2001) |
| Incident lung cancer | 3 600 | 250 | Feskanich et al. (2000) |
| Incident squamous cell skin cancer | 2 400 | 500 | Siiskonen et al. (2016) |
| Incident basal cell skin cancer | 23 700 | 8 900 | Wu et al. (2015) |
| Incident ovarian cancer | 1 300 | 290 | Hankinson et al. (1995) |
| Incident bladder cancer | 800 | 70 | McGrath et al. (2007) |
| Incident kidney and ureter cancer | 500 | 200 | Cho et al. (2013) |
| Incident esophageal cancer | 170 | 20 | Song et al. (2016) |
| Incident brain cancer | 300 | 30 | Holick et al. (2007) |
| Incident Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 100 | 50 | Abel et al. (2010) |
| Incident non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 1 400 | 400 | Zhang et al. (2000) |
| Incident melanoma | 1 200 | 500 | Wu et al. (2015) |
| Incident multiple myeloma | 300 | 40 | Birmann et al. (2007) |
| Incident leukemia | 250 | 80 | Schernhammer et al. (2012) |
| Cardiovascular | |||
| Incident myocardial infarction | 7 000 | 700 | Mukamal et al. (2005) |
| Incident hypertension | 76 000 | 25 300 | Forman et al. (2008) |
| Incident stroke | 2 500 | 700 | Rexrode et al. (1997) |
| Incident sudden cardiac death | 500 | NC | Chiuve et al. (2011) |
| Incident peripheral artery disease | 140 | NC | Bertoia et al. (2013) |
| Eyes and eyesight | |||
| Incident glaucoma | 1 000 | NC | Kang et al. (2010) |
| Incident macular degeneration | 1 800 | NC | Cho et al. (2000) |
| Incident cataracts | 4 200 | NC | Chasen-Taber et al. (1999) |
| Gastrointestinal | |||
| Incident polyps | Platz et al. (2000) | ||
| Adenoma only | 5 200 | 3 800 | |
| Hyperplastic only | 3 100 | 3 300 | |
| Adenoma and hyperplastic | 1 300 | 900 | |
| Incident gastrointestinal bleeding | 1 700 | 800 | Huang et al. (2011) |
| Incident ulcerative colitis | 340 (NHS and NHS II combined) | Ananthakrishnan et al. (2012) | |
| Incident Crohn’s disease | 270 (NHS and NHS II combined) | Ananthakrishnan et al. (2012) | |
| Gynecologic | |||
| Gestational diabetes | NC | 6 000 | Zhang et al. (2014) |
| Incident infertility | NC | 3 200 | Chavarro et al. (2007) |
| Incident pregnancy loss (spontaneous abortion and stillbirth) | NC | 4 500 | Gaskins et al. (2014) |
| Incident endometriosis | NC | 5 500 | Shah et al. (2013) |
| Incident uterine leiomyomata | NC | 9 800 | Terry et al. (2010) |
| Incident benign breast disease (centrally reviewed) | NC | 2 000 | Liu et al. (2013) |
| Premenstrual syndrome | NC | 1 300 | Bertone-Johnson et al. (2015) |
| Neurologic | |||
| Cognitive function | 19 400 | NC | Weuve et al. (2004) |
| Incident amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | 150 | NC | Wang et al. (2011) |
| Incident multiple sclerosis | 210 | 350 | Munger et al. (2003) |
| Incident Parkinson’s disease | 700 | 80 | Simon et al. (2007) |
| Incident seizures or epilepsy | NC | 250 | Dworetzky et al. (2010) |
| Incident hearing loss | 19 000 | 12 000 | Curhan et al. (2015) |
| Restless leg syndrome | 900 | 4 200 | Li et al. (2012) |
| Pulmonary | |||
| Incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 5 700 | 2 500 | Varraso et al. (2007) |
| Incident asthma | 15 500 | 21 100 | Camargo et al. (1999) |
| Incident pulmonary embolism | 1 600 | 700 | Kabrhel et al. (2011) |
| Incident pneumonia | NC | 1 200 | Neuman et al. (2010) |
| Autoimmune and musculoskeletal disorders | |||
| Incident gout | 1 000 | 370 | Hak et al. (2010) |
| Incident psoriasis | 1 600 | 1 600 | Wu et al. (2014) |
| Incident systemic lupus erythematosus | 200 | 130 | Costenbader et al. (2007) |
| Incident rheumatoid arthritis | 1 000 | 500 | Sparks et al. (2016) |
| Incident hip fractures | 3 400 | 700 | Meyer et al. (2016) |
Note. NC = not collected; NHS = Nurses’ Health Study. The table shows approximate estimates. The number of cases used in a specific study depends on the disease definition used, start of follow-up used, and the number of exclusions (e.g., missing the exposure). Outcome assessment start time and methods are not always consistent across endpoints and between cohorts.