Table 2.
Elevated expression of upstream and downstream of Wnt signaling pathway genes and their associated diseases.
| Gene transduction level | Gene | Disease (cell type) | Associated biological function of the gene | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upstream | WNT | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (cancer stem cell) | Self-renewal | Lee et al., 2014 |
| FZD | ||||
| Downstream | AXIN2 | Breast cancer (cancer stem cell) | Lamb et al., 2013 | |
| LEF1 | ||||
| C-MYC | Colon cancer (cancer stem cell) | Chikazawa et al., 2010 | ||
| NANOG | Non-disease (embryonic stem cell) | Zhang and Wang, 2008 | ||
| SOX2 | ||||
| OCT4 | Non-disease (embryonic stem cell) | |||
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (cancer stem cell) | Lee et al., 2014 | |||
| MMP7 | Oral squamous cell carcinoma (cancer cell) | Metastasis | Iwai et al., 2010 | |
| TWIST | Breast cancer (immortalized human breast epithelial cell) | Onder et al., 2008 | ||
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (cancer cell) | Way et al., 2014 | |||
| ABCB1 | Colon cancer, neuroblastoma (cancer cell) | Drug resistance | Yamada et al., 2000; Flahaut et al., 2009; Chikazawa et al., 2010 | |