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Potential local and systemic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids
| Local | Systemic |
|---|---|
| Pharyngitis | Suppressed HPA-axis function |
| Dysphonia | Adrenal crisis (with insufficiency) |
| Reflex cough | Suppressed growth velocity |
| Bronchospasm | Decreased lower-leg length |
| Oropharyngeal candidiasis | Reduced bone mineral density |
| Suppressed HPA-axis function | |
| Bone fractures | |
| Osteoporosis | |
| Skin thinning | |
| Skin bruising | |
| Cataracts | |
| Glaucoma |
Modified from Dahl R [107]
HPA-axis hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
