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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 10.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Host Microbe. 2016 Jul 28;20(2):202–214. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.001

Figure 4. SCFAs Increase Mitochondrial Energy Production and Fatty Acid Content in B cells.

Figure 4

(A) SCFAs increased cellular acetyl-CoA levels in B cells. (B) SCFAs increased mitochondrial mass in B cells. B cells were stained with MitoTracker Green. (C) SCFAs increased mitochondrial respiration in B cells. Mitochondrial activity based on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured with a Seahorse real-time metabolic analyzer (Oligo: Oligomycin; RO/AA: rotenone/antimycin A). (D) SCFAs increased cellular ATP/ADP ratio. (E) SCFAs increased lipid droplets in B cells. Shown are confoal images of lipid droplets stained with BODIPY and numbers of lipid droplets along with BODIPY fluorescent intensity (MFI) in SCFA-treated B cells. (F) Effects of fatty acid synthesis inhibitors (C75 for fatty acid synthase and TOFA for Acetyl-CoA carboxylase) on SCFA-induced IgA expression. (G) A summary diagram for the observed function of SCFAs in regulation of acetyl-CoA metabolism in B cells. Spleen total CD19+ (A–D) or IgA− IgG− (E, F) B cells were cultured for 2-3 (A–E) or 6 (F) days in an IgA-inducing condition (LPS, TGFβ1, IL-5, IL-6 and RA) for all experiments. The data were from 3–5 in vitro experiments, and combined data with SEM (n=3-6) are shown. Error bars indicate SEM. *Significant differences (P < 0.05) from control groups. See also Figures S5A–D.