Table 3. Seven primary research studies focused on both Palestinian and Israeli adolescents.
| Study | Setting | Sample characteristics | Methods | Significant results | Non-significant results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Krenawi, Graham, & Kanat-Maymon, 2009 | Ariel, Haifa, Tel Aviv, Gaza cities, villages and refugee camps. Cluster sample of youths | 422 Jewish Israeli adolescents in Ariel, Haifa and Tel Aviv. 450 Palestinian adolescents in Gaza cities, villages and refugee camps Ages 14 -18 |
Cross-sectional Diagnostic interview and self-reported Cluster sampling Outcome: PTSD symptom severity |
Risk Factors: GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: Exposure to political violence MEZZO: role of community is important for a sense of belonging. MICRO: family functioning; peer relationships INDIVIDUAL: general distress, aggression Protective factors: None were reported |
None were reported |
| Dubow et al., 2012 | Israel and Palestine | 600 Palestinian and 901 Israeli (Jewish and Arab) children Ages 8, 11 and 14 |
Longitudinal Diagnostic interview and self-reported Study conducted at three waves, one year apart, using interview method in family home Outcome: PTSD symptom severity |
Risk Factors: GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: Palestinian: ethnic-political violence exposure MEZZO: Palestinian: school violence MICRO: Israeli Arabs: family violence INDIVIDUAL: Palestinian: female sex, previous PTSD, ethnic-political violence exposure Israeli Jews: previous PTSD Israeli Arabs: previous PTSD Protective factors: GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: N/A MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: Israeli Jews: older age |
GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: Palestinian: intra-ethnic community violence Israeli Jews: school and intra-ethnic community violence MICRO: Palestinian: parents education, family violence Israeli Jews: parents education, family, ethnic-political Israeli Arabs: parents education; ethnic violence INDIVIDUAL: Palestinian: age Palestinian: Israeli Jews: sex Israeli Arabs: sex |
| Dubow et al., 2012 | West Bank and Gaza | 901 Israeli and 600 Palestinian youths Approximately 50% boys and 50% girls Ages 8, 11 and 14 |
Longitudinal Diagnostic interview and self-reported Study 3 waves of data collection one year apart, using interview method in family home |
Risk Factors: GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: N/A MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: female sex non-Israeli Arab, exposure to political violence Protective factors: GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: N/A MICRO: Positive parenting when exposure levels were high INDIVIDUAL: Self-esteem was protective when exposure was high |
GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: N/A MICRO: parent education level, parent depression, positive parenting INDIVIDUAL: age, Palestinian versus non-Palestinian; child academic grade, child grade did not moderate exposure |
| Hamama-Raz et al., 2008 | Israel and Palestine | 276 Israeli Palestinian and 1,469 Jewish adolescents 177 were Israeli Palestinian girls and 9 were Israeli Palestinian boys. 909 were Jewish girls and 56 were Jewish boys Ages 16 |
Cross-sectional Self-reported Classroom based questionnaire administration Outcome: PTSD symptom severity |
Risk Factors: GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: N/A MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: negative life events (Jews only), objective exposure, subjective exposure (Jews only), inability to forgive, being Palestinian Protective factors: None were reported |
GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: N/A MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: negative life events (Palestinian), subjective exposure (Palestinian), attitudes toward peace, ability to forgive, revenge |
| Lavi et al., 2005 | Ramallah and Israel | 245 Palestinian and 300 Israeli-Palestinian adolescents 46% of the Israeli Palestinian group and 44% of the Palestinian group were boys 6th to 9th grades. Mean age in Palestinian group was 13.517 and 14.752 in the Israeli Palestinian group |
Cross-sectional Diagnostic interview and self-reported Self-reported questionnaire conducted in summer of 2001 Outcome: PTSD symptom severity |
Risk Factors: GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: Number of exposures MEZZO: N/A MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: subjective threat perception, global distress, anxiety, depression, anger, dissociation Protective factors: GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: N/A MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: future orientation and attitudes towards peace (Palestinians) |
GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: N/A MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: future orientation and attitudes towards peace (Jews) |
| Pat-Horenczyk et al., 2009 | Palestinian sample: West Bank. Israeli sample: living in the Jerusalem area | 1,016 Israeli and 1,235 Palestinian adolescents Palestinian sample: 54.7% were girl and 45.3% were boys Israeli sample: 51.6% were girls and 48.4% were boys Palestinian sample: Grades 9-11 aged from 14 to 17 years old Israeli sample: grades 7-12 aged from 12 to 18 years old |
Cross-sectional Diagnostic interview and self-reported Convenience sample using self-report questionnaires conducted in a school setting Outcome: PTSD symptom severity |
Risk Factors: GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: role of community is important for a sense of belonging MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: Palestinians: coping (adaptive or maladaptive), severe exposures, female sex. Jews: coping (maladaptive) Protective factors: None were reported |
GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/AMEZZO: N/A MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: Jews: coping (adaptive), moderate or severe exposures, female sex |
| Schiff et al., 2012 | North of Israel | 1800 Jewish and 2351 Arab 54.4% were Jewish boys and 41.5% were Arab boys 7th to 11th grade students Ages 13 - 17 |
Cross-sectional Self-reported Representative sample using self-report questionnaires conducted in a school setting Outcome: PTSD symptom severity |
Risk Factors: GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: other traumatic exposures, war exposures MEZZO: N/A MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: female sex, being Palestinian, childhood physical abuse Protective factors: None were reported |
GLOBAL: N/A MACRO: N/A MEZZO: N/A MICRO: N/A INDIVIDUAL: grade in school, war exposure was not moderated by other types of trauma exposure, ethnicity did not moderate trauma exposure |