Fig. 1.

Final actor partner interdependence model of mothers’ and co-parents’ parent–child communication. Note Model χ² [18] = 19.37, p = 0.37. Comparative Fit Index = 0.993. Root mean square error approximation = 0.027 (90 % CI 0.0, 0.09). Raw (unstandardized) parameter estimates are displayed. Shaded lines represent non-statistically significant parameters (estimates are not displayed). Solid lines are actor effects, dashed lines are partner effects. ^aCoefficient paths constrained to be equal based on Wald χ² test. Covariates included in the model were maternal proband status and child gender. For p values: * <0.05; ** <0.01; *** <0.001