. 2016 Jun 14;45:1889–1901. doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0520-4

Table 2.

Group comparison averaged across Time 1 and Time 2 for all measurements taken at both measurement points

	“Low” (n = 1537)	“CU-only” (n = 180)	“Increasing” (n = 111)	“CD + CU” (n = 114)	“CD-only” (n = 96)	F	df	η ²
	M(SD)	M(SD)	M(SD)	M(SD)	M(SD)	F	df	η ²
Internalizing
Anxiety	5.54 (0.09)^ab	4.75 (0.29)^a	5.85 (0.37)^b	7.37 (0.41)^d	6.54 (0.40)^cd	12.72	4	.02
Depressive symptoms (T2)	8.98 (4.46)^a	9.32 (4.49)^a	12.91 (5.74)^bc	13.31 (5.34)^c	11.81 (5.33)^b	44.92	4	.08
Aggression
Proactive aggression	1.63 (0.05)^a	2.97 (0.22)^b	7.08 (0.41)^d	9.55 (0.44)^e	5.81 (0.40)^c	563.88	4	.53
Reactive aggression	7.73 (0.09)^a	8.29 (0.29)^a	10.61 (0.41)^b	13.14 (0.41)^d	11.80 (0.39)^c	126.10	4	.20
Personality
Self-esteem	19.95 (0.11)^c	18.64 (0.34)^ab	18.18 (0.41)^ab	17.90 (0.40)^a	19.26 (0.42)^bc	15.13	4	.03
Narcissism (z-scored)	−0.14 (0.02)^a	0.20 (0.08)^b	0.40 (0.09)^bc	0.82 (0.09)^d	0.48 (0.11)^c	55.02	4	.10
Sensation seeking (T2)	16.28 (5.28)^a	18.18 (5.34)^b	19.21 (4.48)^bc	21.38 (4.43)^d	20.62 (4.75)^cd	46.56	4	.08
Impulsivity (T1)	4.42 (2.45)^a	5.20 (3.07)^ab	5.34 (2.94)^b	7.75 (3.69)^d	6.26 (2.67)^c	53.46	4	.10
Environmental
Peer conformity (T1)	16.37 (3.89)^d	13.48 (4.39)^bc	14.68 (4.15)^c	11.92 (4.70)^a	12.87 (4.37)^ab	62.82	4	.11
Popularity striving (T1)	11.66 (7.21)^a	11.13 (7.21)^a	11.92 (7.41)^a	18.45 (8.85)^c	15.72 (7.28)^b	61.17	4	.11
Peer pressure (T1)	9.83 (5.54)^a	11.12 (6.24)^a	11.28 (6.12)^a	17.54 (6.55)^c	14.48 (5.35)^b	61.17	4	.11
Media violence exposure (T1)	12.04 (7.35)^a	13.63 (7.96)^a	16.46 (10.97)^b	23.29 (11.63)^c	16.49 (8.35)^b	62.50	4	.11

Means and standard deviations (M(SD)) across both measurement points, unless otherwise specified. T1 is used to indicate variables only measured at Time 1 and T2 at Time 2; F and η ² values for group comparison, means with different subscripts differ significantly from each other at the p < .05 level