Table 2.

Odds ratio and 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) of maternal^a and paternal^b pesticide exposure variables and congenital malformation, Cuiabá-MT −2011

Variables	Case		Control
	n	(%)	n	(%)	OR (95 % CI)	p-value
Maternal exposure
Residence
Rural area	9	18	8	7.2	2.82 (1.02–7.82)	0.039
Urban area	41	82	103	92.8	1.00
Lives close to crops sprayed with pesticides
Yes	119	88.1	217	82.2	1.61 (0.88–3.03)	0.123
No	16	11.9	47	17.8	1.00
House has garden/orchard
Yes	41	29.9	61	22.4	1.47 (0.92–2.34)	0.098
No	96	70.1	211	77.6	1.00
Uses pesticides at work
Yes	11	21.6	17	15.3	1.52 (0.65–3.53)	0.329
No	40	78.4	94	84.7	1.00
Paternal exposure
Residence
Rural area	32	24.4	56	22.4	1.11 (0.68–1.84)	0.656
Urban area	99	75.6	194	77.6	1.00
Works on a farm
Yes	114	86.4	206	78.9	1.69 (0.95–3.03)	0.073
No	18	13.6	55	21.1	1.00
Applies pesticides
Yes	17	65.4	24	40.7	2.75 (1.05–7.19)	0.036
No	09	34.6	35	59.3	1.00

^aMaternal exposure period defined as the 3 months before and the 3 months after conception

^bPaternal exposure period defined as the 12 months that preceded conception