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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016 May 21;408(22):5985–6002. doi: 10.1007/s00216-016-9585-x

Table 2.

VHH to small molecular weight compounds to date and comparison of sensitivities to polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.

Structure Analyte
(MW)		 Assay sensitivity, IC50
Linear range, IC20–80
LOD, IC10
Nanobody pAb mAb
graphic file with name nihms774816t1.jpg Azo dyes [11, 70]
(RR6 733.38;
RR120
1469.98)		 ~18–85 nM (Kd) no no
graphic file with name nihms774816t2.jpg Picloram
(241.46)		 193 µg/mL [16] 140 ng/mL [71]
10–300 ng/mL
5 ng/mL		 10 ng/mL [71]
5–50 ng/mL
1 ng/mL
graphic file with name nihms774816t3.jpg Auxin
(indole-3-acetic acid)
(175.19)		 140 µg/mL*
(pentabody for IAA)
>43 µg/mL*
(herbicides)
0.5–2 mM,
herbicides (Kd)
20 µM IAA (Kd)		 1 pmol/assay [72]
0.1–10
0.08		 5 pmol/assay [73]
0.8–10
0.5
graphic file with name nihms774816t4.jpg Caffeine
(194.19)		 ~25 µg/mL [18]
10–50 µg/mL
4 µg/mL
(homologous)		 200 ng/mL [74]
116–2000 ng/mL
2 ng/mL
(direct)		 0.2 ng/mL [75]
0.025–1 ng/mL
0.001 ng/mL
(direct)
graphic file with name nihms774816t5.jpg Methotrexate
(454.44)		 4.5 µg/mL [22]
1.1–13.6 µg/mL
0.9 µg/mL* 		(RIA)
100 ng/mL [76]
10–1000 ng/mL
1 ng/mL		 (RIA)
10 ng/mL [77]
5–80 ng/mL
2 ng/mL
graphic file with name nihms774816t6.jpg 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol
(338.35)		 419 ng/mL
(monomer) [25]
169 ng/mL
(pentamer)

10–1000 ng/mL		 1.9 ng/mL [78]
0.35–20 ng/mL
0.1 ng/mL
(direct)		 1 µg/mL [79]
0.05–20 ng/mL
0.05 ng/mL
(direct)
graphic file with name nihms774816t7.jpg Ochratoxin A
(403.813)		 12 ng/mL [26]
8–20 ng/mL
6 ng/mL

Flow-through
membrane-based
assay		 5 ng/mL [80]
1–50 ng/mL
5 ng/mL		 1.2 ng/mL
0.3–5 ng/mL
0.12 ng/mL
graphic file with name nihms774816t8.jpg Triclocarban
(315.58)		 3.5 ng/mL [29]
1–11 ng/mL
0.3 ng/mL
(homologous)		 0.69 ng/mL [30]
0.1–36 ng/mL
0.03 ng/mL
graphic file with name nihms774816t9.jpg 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid
(214.22)		 1.4 ng/mL [31]
0.4–8 ng/mL
0.1 ng/mL
(homologous)		 1.6 ng/mL [81]
0.5–5 ng/mL
0.1 ng/mL		 0.6 ng/mL [82]
0.2–2.0 ng/mL
0.1 ng/mL
graphic file with name nihms774816t10.jpg BDE-47
(485.79)		 1.4 ng/mL [32]
0.5–10 ng/mL
0.1 ng/mL		 1.75 ng/mL [33]
0.35–8.5 ng/mL
0.2 ng/mL		 22 ng/mL or in direct ELISA:
1.4 ng/mL [83]
0.3–6.5 ng/mL
0.1 ng/mL
graphic file with name nihms774816t11.jpg TBBPA
(543.9)		 0.4 ng/mL [35]
0.06–2.53 ng/mL
0.02 ng/mL		 0.87 ng/mL [36]
0.2–6 ng/mL
0.05 ng/mL		 3.87 ng/mL [37]
0.8–20.7 ng/mL
0.3 ng/mL
graphic file with name nihms774816t12.jpg Aflatoxin B1
(312.27)		 0.754 ng/mL [39]
0.117–5.676 ng/mL
0.05 ng/mL		 2 ng/mL [84]
0.4–11 ng/mL
0.3 ng/mL		 0.001–6 ng/mL [85]
6–400 ng/mL
0.001 ng/mL

Abbreviations used: MW, molecular weight; IC50, IC20–80, IC10 concentrations resulting in 50, 20–80 or 10% decrease in maximum signal; pAb, polyclonal antibody; mAb, monoclonal antibody; Kd, dissociation constant; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; RIA, radioimmunoassay; IgG2, immunoglobulin G fraction 2; IgG3, immunoglobulin G fraction 3; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; TBBPA, tetrabromobisphenol A,

*

units converted to ng/mL from initial publication.