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Schematics of the human (A; EEfRT) and rat (B) effort-related choice tasks used to assess motivated behavior. The psychostimulant amphetamine (Amph) increased preference for the high cost/high reward (HC/HR) choice over the low cost/low reward option in humans (C) and rats (D). [FR5: fixed ratio 5 reinforcement schedule; SR: small reward] (Figures were reproduced with persmissions from Bardgett et al, 2009; Salamone et al, 2007; Treadway et al, 2009; Wardle et al, 2011)
