Table 1.

List of human and rodent TLRs

TLR	Exogenous ligands	Origin of ligands	References	Endogenous ligands	References	Localizations
TLR1	Triacyl lipopeptides	bacteria and mycobacteria	[56]			cell surfaces
	Soluble factors	Neisseria meningitidis
TLR2	Lipoprotein/lipopeptides	various pathogens	[57]	Heat-shock protein 70	[7d]	cell surfaces
	Peptidoglycan	gram-positive bacteria	[58]	HGMB1	[59]
	Lipoteichoic acid	gram-positive bacteria	[58b]
	Lipoarabinomannan	mycobacteria	[60]
	Phenol-soluble modulin	Stapylococcus epidermidis	[61]
	Glycoinositolphospholipids	Trypanosoma cruzi	[62]
	Glycolipids	Treponema maltophilum	[63]
	Porins	Neisseria	[64]
	Atypical lipopolysaccharide	Leptospira interrogans	[65]
	Atypical lipopolysaccharide	Porphyromanas gingivalis	[66]
	Zymosan	fungi	[67]
TLR3	Double-stranded RNA	viruses	[68]	Double-stranded DNA	[69]	endosomes
TLR4	Lipopolysaccharide	gram-negative bacteria	[70]	Heat-shock protein 70	[71]	cell surfaces
	Fusion protein	respiratory syncytial virus	[72]	Type III repeat extra domain A of fibronectin	[73]
	envelope protein	mouse mammary-tumor virus	[74]	Oligosaccharides of hyaluronic acid	[75]
	Heat-shock protein 60	Chlamydia pneumoniae	[76]	Polysaccharide fragment of heparan sulphate	[77]
				Fibrinogen	[78]
TLR5	Flagellin	bacteria	[79]			cell surfaces
TLR6	Diacyl lipopeptides	Mycoplasma	[80]			cell surfaces
	Lipoteichoic acid	gram-negative bacteria	[58b]
	Zymosan	fungi	[81]
TLR7	Single-stranded RNA	viruses	[82]	Single-stranded RNA	[83]	endosomes
	Imiquimod (R837)	synthetic compound (FDA approved drug)	[84]
TLR8	Single-stranded RNA	viruses	[82a]	Single-stranded RNA	[83]	endosomes
TLR9	CpG-containing DNA	bacteria and viruses	[85]	DNA	[86]	endosomes
TLR10	Not Determined	Not Determined				Not Determined
TLR11	profilin	Uropathogenic pathogen, toxoplasma	[87]			Not Determined
TLR13	23s rRNA	gram-negative/positive bacteria	[88]			Not Determined