Table 1.

Characteristics of all participants.

	Diabetes				Prediabetes				Controls
	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Mean	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Mean	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Mean
Age, years	62	52	52	55.3	52	50	55	52.3	62	52	52	55.3
BMI, kg/m2	35.3	39.3	31.2	35.3	32.6	35.2	30.4	32.7	41.3	34.0	31.7	35.6
WaistC, cm	120	103	116	113	104	108	116	109	112	93	89	98
HipC, cm	118	124	113	118	108	119	129	118	127	124	106	119
WHR	1.02	0.83	1.02	0.96	0.96	0.91	0.90	0.93	0.88	0.75	0.84	0.82
SBP, mmHg	153	183	143	160	178	164	163	168	142	127	137	135
DBP, mmHg	78	130	61	90	109	101	78	96	72	75	92	80
S-Creat., μmol/L	45	75	35	52	69	47	52	56	62	58	50	57
GGT, U/L∗	18	42	295	118	22	20	12	18	22	20	99	47
ALT, U/L	19	86	61	55	22	16	17	18	12	12	30	18
AST, U/L	24	45	50	40	21	18	18	19	21	16	30	22
Smoking, yes/no	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	No	No		Yes	Yes	No
Cotinine, ng/mL∗	160	>500	76.3	245.4	94	<10	<10	38	94.4	338	<10	147.5
TC, mmol/L	6.0	6.0	8.3	6.8	4.9	4.1	5.5	4.8	3.6	5.2	4.7	4.5
TG, mmol/L	1.49	3.35	2.51	2.45	2.10	1.21	1.04	1.45	1.22	1.23	1.27	1.24
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.09	1.1	1.87	1.35	1.09	1.17	1.42	1.23	1.35	1.08	1.42	1.28
LDL-C, mmol/L	3.9	4.2	5.1	4.4	3.1	2.1	3.5	2.9	1.6	3.4	2.7	2.6
FSI, mIU/L	97.9	68.7	47.7	71.4	77.3	29.9	110.2	72.5	72.8	20.8	30.1	41.2
FSI, mIU/L∗	20.7	21.2		21.0	5.7	5.5	11.5	7.6	10.4	7.6	5.3	7.8
HbA1c, %	7.2	7.5	6.1	6.9	5.0	6.1	6.4	5.8	5.9	5.6	6.1	5.9
HbA1c, mmol/mol	55.2	58.5	43.2	52.3	31.1	43.2	46.4	40.2	41.0	37.7	43.2	40.6
FBG, mmol/L	9.0	8.1	7.8	8.3	4.7	6.2	6.1	5.7	5.4	2.8	5.8	4.7
2-hour PG, mmol/L	16.4	13.8	5.9	12.0	7.8	10.3	9.4	9.2	7.4	5.0	6.1	6.2
U-CRP, mg/L	3.2	10.4	5.3	6.3	5.2	15.6	21.6	14.1	23.4	8.2	5.9	12.5
RBC, ×1012/L	4.56	5.07	4.37	4.67	4.86	4.42	4.88	4.72	3.75	4.42	4.82	4.33
Platelet count, ×109/L	284	217	369	290	238	286	305	276	281	152	256	230
WCC, ×109/L	8.6	10.0	7.8	8.8	7.1	8.0	8.9	8.0	6.0	8.3	4.6	6.3
Hb, g/dL	13.0	15.1	12.6	13.6	13.6	13.2	13.5	13.4	6.1	14.4	13.6	11.4
Haematocrit, L/L	0.39	0.46	0.37	0.41	0.42	0.39	0.41	0.41	0.22	0.42	0.41	0.35
MCV, fL	85	90	85	87	86	89	83	86	57	95	86	79
MCH, pg	29	30	29	29	28	30	28	29	16	33	28	26
MCHC, g/dL	34	33	34	34	33	34	33	33	29	34	33	32
RDW, %	14.0	15.0	15.2	14.7	12.7	14.1	14.0	13.6	25.3	14.8	15.9	18.7
Neutrophils, ×109/L	5.6	7.2	4.6	5.8	4.5	4.5	5.4	4.8	2.8	5.7	2.9	3.8
Lymphocytes, ×109/L	2.3	2.0	2.4	2.2	2.1	3.0	2.8	2.6	2.3	1.9	1.4	1.9
Monocytes, ×109/L	0.50	0.30	0.40	0.40	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.72	0.46	0.20	0.46
Eosinophils, ×109/L	0.10	0.40	0.40	0.30	0.20	0.20	0.40	0.27	0.12	0.14	0.10	0.12
Basophils, ×109/L	0.01	0.01	0.10	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.06	0.04	0.01	0.04

2-hour PG, after 2-hour plasma glucose; 2-hour SI, after 2-hour serum insulin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting plasma glucose; FSI, fasting serum insulin; GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; Hb, haemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HipC, hip circumference; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCH, mean cell haemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean cell volume; RBC, red blood cell count; RDW, red cell distribution width; S-Creat., serum creatinine; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; U-CRP, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein; WaistC, waist circumference; WCC, white cell count; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.

∗ refers to using the median instead of mean because, since the data is skewed for those parameters, the mean will give a wrong meaning.