Table 1. Studies that Investigated the Association Between Sarcopenia and Mortality in CKD Patients.
| References | Year | Patients No. | Study Design | Duration of Study | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CKD Patients at Pre-Dialysis | |||||
| Chang et al. ( 11 ) | 2011 | 128 | Prospective observational study | 2.8 years | Reduced hand grip strength was an independent predictor of mortality and progression to ESRD (HR: 4.55, 95% CI: 1.49 - 13.87 in men; HR: 4.56, 95% CI: 1.27 - 16.41 in women). |
| Roshanravan et al. ( 12 ) | 2013 | 385 | Prospective observational study | 3 years | Walking speed < 0.8 m/s was associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.09 - 5.54). |
| Pereira et al. ( 13 ) | 2015 | 287 | Prospective observational study | 3.3 years | Sarcopenia, defined as low skeletal muscle mass index and reduced hand grip strength, was an independent predictor of mortality (HR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.30 - 7.05). |
| Patients on Hemodialysis | |||||
| Carrero et al. ( 14 ) | 2008 | 221 | Prospective observational study | 6 years | Moderate to severe muscle atrophy was associated with increased mortality (HR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.61 - 5.71). |
| Kohl et al. ( 15 ) | 2012 | 52 | Prospective observational study | 12 years | Distance walked in the 6MWT was a survival predictor (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.37 - 0.74 for each 100 meters walked with a 100-meter increment). |
| Matsuzawa et al. ( 16 ) | 2014 | 190 | Prospective observational study | 7 years | Knee extensor strength of < 40% was associated strongly with increased mortality risk (HR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.14–6.52). |
| Isoyama et al. ( 17 ) | 2014 | 330 | Prospective observational study | 5 years | Sarcopenia, defined as low muscle mass and reduced hand grip strength, showed increased mortality risk (HR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.01 - 3.71). |
| Kutner et al. ( 18 ) | 2015 | 752 | Prospective observational study | 3.3 years | Walk speed < 0.6 m/s was associated with increased mortality risk (HR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.19 - 3.98). |
| Hemodialysis+ Peritoneal Dialysis | |||||
| Torino et al. ( 19 ) | 2014 | 296 | Secondary analysis of randomized controlled trial | 3.3 years | A 20-meter increase in walking during the 6MWT reduced the risk of all-cause death (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.84 - 0.94). |
Abbreviations: ESRD, end stage renal disease; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test.