Table 2. Studies that Investigated the Association Between Physical Activity and Mortality in CKD Patients.

References	Year	Patients No.	Study Design	Duration of Study	Results
CKD Patients at Pre-Dialysis
Beddhu et al. ( 23 )	2009	907	Retrospective observational study	7 years	Increased physical activity was associated with reduced mortality (HR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.42 - 0.79 for insufficiently active group, and HR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.33 - 0.58 for active group compared with physically inactive group).
Ricardo et al. ( 24 )	2013	2288	Prospective observational study	13 years	Regular physical activity was associated with decreased mortality (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65 - 0.99).
Navaneethan et al. ( 25 )	2014	2153	Prospective observational study	4.5 years	Low leisure time physical activity was associated with a higher risk of death (HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.003 - 1.85).
Chen et al. ( 26 )	2014	6363	Prospective observational study	2.5 years	Walking was associated with lower risk for overall mortality (HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.53 - 0.84).
Patients on Hemodialysis
Tentori et al. ( 27 )	2010	20,920	Prospective observational study/	1.8 years	Mortality risk was lower among regular exercisers (HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.69 - 0.78).
Matsuzawa et al. ( 28 )	2012	202	Prospective observational study	7 years	Engaging in habitual physical activity was associated with decreased mortality risk (HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66 - 0.92) per 10 min/day increase in physical activity.
Lopes et al. ( 29 )	2014	5763	Prospective observational study	2.5 years	Aerobic activity was associated inversely with mortality (HR: 0.60, 95% CI:0.47 - 0.77) for very active group compared with never/rarely active group.
Hemodialysis + Peritoneal Dialysis
O’Hare et al. ( 30 )	2003	2837	Prospective observational study	1 year	Sedentary behavior was associated with an increased mortality risk (HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.16 - 2.27).

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio.