Table 3. Studies that Investigated the Effects of Exercise Training on Sarcopenia (Muscle Mass and Strength) and Physical Function in CKD Patients.

References	Year	Patients No. (Exercise)	Patients No. (Control)	Study	Duration of Study	Exercise Training	Results
CKD Patients at Pre-Dialysis
Rossi et al. ( 32 )	2014	59	48	RCT	12 weeks	Weight training and treadmill: 2 times/week.	Improved 6-min walk distance (P < 0.001).
Watson et al. ( 33 )	2015	21	14	RCT	8 weeks	Progressive resistance exercise: 3 times/week.	Increased rectus femoris anatomical cross-sectional area (P = 0.006), volume (P = 0.009), and knee extensor strength (P < 0.001).
Patients on Hemodialysis
DePaul et al. ( 34 )	2002	20	18	RCT	12 weeks	Resisted isotonic quadriceps and hamstring exercises and ergometer: 3 times/week.	Improved hamstring and quadriceps muscle strength (P = 0.02).
Castaneda et al. ( 35 )	2004	14	12	RCT	12 weeks	Resistance training: 45 min, 3 times/week.	Improved muscle strength (P = 0.001).
van Vilsteren et al. ( 36 )	2005	53	43	RCT	12 weeks	Cycling during dialysis, together with pre-dialysis strength training: 2 - 3 times/week.	Increased lower extremity muscle strength (P < 0.05).
Cheema et al. ( 37 )	2007	24	25	RCT	12 weeks	High-intensity, progressive resistance training during routine hemodialysis treatment.	Improved muscle strength (P = 0.002), midthigh circumference (P = 0.04) and midarm circumference (P = 0.004).
Kirkman et al. ( 38 )	2014	12	11	RCT	12 weeks	Resistance training: 3 times/week during hemodialysis sessions.	Increased thigh muscle volume (P = 0.007) and knee extensor strength (P = 0.012)
Matsufuji et al. ( 39 )	2015	12	15	RCT	12 weeks	Chair stand exercise 3 sessions/week.	Increased thigh circumference (p < 0.05).
Howden et al. ( 40 )	2015	36	36	RCT	48 weeks	Aerobic and resistance exercise 150 minutes/week.	Improved grip strength (P = 0.03) and 6-minutes’ walk distance (P < 0.001).

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio; RCT randomized control study.