Figure 2.

Life cycles with pupal diapause (A) and egg diapause (B) used in the analyses. Arrows depict transitions between different life stages (the durations of those transitions are indicated for larval development) and alternative developmental pathways (indicated by text along the arrows) for juvenile development. Larval development is depicted with thick arrows. The life stage indicated by a circle is where induction of diapause (or direct development) takes place. This sensitive stage for diapause induction is after 4/5 of prediapause juvenile development, whose duration is 4/5 × rt _larva(Dp) for the diapause pathway and 4/5 × rt _larva(Di) for the direct development pathway, r determining the diapausing developmental stage (r = 1: pupal diapause; r = 0: egg diapause). Individuals following the direct development pathway have uninterrupted juvenile development of duration t _larva(Di), while individuals following the diapause pathway arrest their development and enter diapause. Diapausing individuals complete postdiapause development of duration 0 and t _larva(Dp) with pupal and egg diapause, respectively, in the beginning of the favorable season in the following year, after which they become reproductive adults. Note that r = 1 can also be interpreted as adult diapause in this analysis.