Table 1.
Species identification using a mtDNA marker ATPase 8/6
| Genus | Species | Localitiesa | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sciades | proops (Valenciennes, 1840) | Dm (17), Em (1), Fm (1) | Two sequence clusters corresponding to sampling locations, E and F, differ from D |
| herzbergii (Bloch, 1784) | Dm (31), Em (15) | Two sequence clusters corresponding to sampling locations | |
| dowii (Gill 1863) | Mouth of Lb (1), Nm (2), If (2) | No sequence difference according to sampling location | |
| parkeri (Traill 1832) | Gf (2) | This species is described as occurring in lower parts of rivers from the Gulf of Paria, VE, to Brazil (Betancur‐R et al. 2008). In this study, the species was found 320 km inland | |
| Ariopsis | seemanni (Günther 1864) | Kb (5) | |
| sp. nov. (A. jimenezi, A. Marceniuk et al., in prep.) | Pm (9) | ||
| Notarius | cookei (Acero and Betancur‐R 2002) | If (7) | Described as brackish water species (Betancur‐R et al. 2007). In this study, it was sampled in freshwater, 10 km upstream from the mouth of the Santa Marias river. Vega (pers. comm., Dec. 2015) captured it in the same river at locations between 69 and 76 lm from the mouth in completely fresh water |
| kessleri (Steindachner 1876) | Hb (8), Kb (2) | No sequence difference according to sampling location | |
| biffi (Betancur‐R and Acero 2004) | Hb (1) | First reported as restricted from El Salvador to Costa Rica (Betancur‐R and Acero 2004), but see Robertson, 2015 who presented records from western and central Panama to Parita Bay. We sampled it in the Gulf of Montijo, Panama | |
| quadriscutis (Valenciennes, 1840) | Eb (10) | ||
| grandicassis (Valenciennes, 1840) | Dm (11) | ||
| planiceps (Steindachner, 1877) | Kb (1) | ||
| Bagre | bagre (Linnaeus, 1766) | Dm (3), Bb (2) | No sequence difference according to sampling location. |
| aff. marinus | Dm (16), Fm (3) | No sequence difference according to sampling location | |
| panamensis (Gill 1863) | Kb (3) | ||
| pinnimaculatus (Steindachner 1876) | Kb (1), Om (4, atypical: 20) |
Several specimens (atypical) from the Gulf of Panama (O) diverged from the morphology of B. pinnimaculatus by lacking the typical hyperossification of the frontals, preopercle, and interopercle. They did not exhibit the phenotype of B. panamensis, either, the only other Bagre species occurring in the eastern Pacific. Morphologically they resembled B. bagre from the Atlantic. In the ML tree, those specimens formed a sister clade to B. pinnimaculatus. However, due to their molecular relatedness they were considered being B. pinnimaculatus in the subsequent analyses. Examination of additionally sampled eleven specimens at Puerto Coquira, Panama Bay, PA (not included in this study), showed that only three individuals had hyperossified frontals and eight were lacking the typical hyperossification |
|
| Cathorops | hypophthalmus (Steindachner 1876) | Kb (1) | |
| tuyra (Meek and Hildebrand 1923) | Mf (15) | Species is known to occur in Pacific estuaries and lower reaches of rivers (Fischer et al. 1995). The species has been found in Lake Alajuela and Lake Gatun in the Caribbean watershed, in the latter even being reproductively active (D. Sharpe, pers. comm., December, 2015), but no official report of occurrences of C. tuyra on the Atlantic side of Panama has been made. Our sample of C. tuyra originates from Puente del Río Chagres, located between the Panama Canal and Lake Alajuela, approx. 59 km inland (distances were calculated following meanders with Google Earth). Therefore, the sampled population can be considered as true freshwater inhabitants | |
| fuerthii (Steindachner 1876) | Lb (1), Jb (4) | ||
| sp. indet. | Hb (4) | All 4 sequenced individuals had identical ATPase 8/6 sequence that is not present in the reference dataset, but had sequence affinity to Cathorops | |
| *nuchalis (Günther 1864) | Af (12) | *ATPase 8/6 sequence is identical for both species. Shape data for both species were merged in the phylogenetic analysis as the phylogenetic tree lacks the resolution of both species. They were treated as individual species in PCA (Fig. 3) and CVA (Fig. 5) | |
| *wayuu (Betancur‐R et al. 2012) | Bb (20), Cb (14), Dm (6), Fm (9) |
a
Capital letter refers to sampling locality illustrated in Figure 1; small superscript letter refers to habitat characteristic – f: fresh, b: brackish, and m: salt water; and numbers in brackets refer to number of sampled individuals in that specific locality.