| Natural behaviour |
Repetitive/stereotypic behaviour [64] |
Repetitive behaviour in anxiety assessment tests |
Obsessive-compulsive-like behaviour in common anxiety |
|
| Drug administration |
Bipolar disorder-associated hyperactivity [65] |
Locomotor activity evaluation in psychostimulants administration |
Psychostimulants can cause hyperactivity |
| Drug-induced anxiety [66] |
Pentylenetetrazol, sodium lactate, m-chlorophenylpiperazine, cholecystokinin administration |
Several drugs can be used to generate anxiogenic responses |
| Withdrawal-induced depression [67] |
Addictive substances administration |
Depression can also occur as a specific symptom of drug withdrawal |
|
| Physiological stress |
Manic-like behaviour [68] |
Locomotor activity, aggressivity, changes in sexual activity during sleep deprivation |
Sleep deprivation (>72 h) causes manic-like behaviour |
| Hyperthermia induced anxiety [69] |
Anxiety assessment in high environmental temperatures |
Anxiety-like behaviour can be induced by high environment temperatures |
| Helplessness-induced depression [70] |
Iterative physiological stress |
Animals learn that no escape conditions are provided; therefore they fail to exhibit escape behaviour also in the absence of the stimuli |
|
| Psychological stress |
Resident-intruder paradigm-based aggressivity [71] |
Locomotor activity, aggressivity, changes in sexual activity during social stress |
Aggressive behaviour can be a collateral effect in resident-intruder paradigm |
| Ultrasonic vocalizations-induced anxiety [72, 73] |
Ultrasonic distress in mouse pups separated from their mothers |
The decrease in the number of calls, anxiolytic effect |
| Hyponeophagia-induced anxiety [74] |
Feeding behaviour during/after anxiogenic stimulus of novelty |
Novelty in food or environment suppressed feeding |
| Maternal deprivation [75, 76] |
Maternal deprivation during early postnatal phases |
Although controverted, maternal deprivation during infancy can cause depressive disorders occurrence in early adulthood |
| Resident-intruder paradigm and social defeat-based depression [77] |
Depression assessment in males during consecutive cohabituation |
Males can be exposed to psychological stress as a result of consecutive habitation in cages |
| Social hierarchization-based depression [78] |
Depressive behaviour in tree shrews social hierarchy and subordination |
Natural depressive behaviour can occur in different species as a result to social hierarchy |
|
| Conflictual stimuli |
Vogel-punished drinking [79] |
Hydration habits in anxiety |
Drinking behaviour is altered when anxiogenic stimuli are applied |
| Geller-Seifter task [80] |
Feeding behaviour in anxiogenic stimulation |
Feeding behaviour is altered when anxiogenic stimuli are applied |
| Cognitive Pavlovian [81] |
Behavioural changes in Pavlovian conditions |
When disagreeable stimuli are applied anxiety behaviour occurs |
|
| Neurosurgical model |
Olfactory bulbectomy [82] |
Behavioural assessment after olfactory bulbectomy |
Specific depressive behaviour occurs after olfactory bulb removal |
|
| Neurodevelopmental model |
Clomipramine administration [83] |
Anxiety behaviour in neonatal clomipramine administration |
Baby rats exposed to repeated injections of clomipramine develop anxiety-like features in adulthood |
|
| Genetic engineering |
Selective breeding [84] |
Manic behaviour assessment in different strains |
Particular strain-specific behavioural features |
| Selective breeding [85] |
Anxious behaviour during selective breeding |
In order to maximize anxious behaviour, the animals are either inbred or outbred |
| Single gene manipulation [86] |
Anxious phenotyping and single gene manipulation |
Knock-out and transgenic mice based on anxiety genes manipulation |
| Selective breeding [87, 88] |
Depressive behaviour during selective breeding |
A strong genetic predisposition to depression can be obtained through high depressive behaviour strains breeding |
| Genetic and ontogenetic modelling [89] |
Genetic and ontogenetic modelling of depressive traits |
Forward or reverse genetic techniques facilitate blockade or stimulation of neuronal activity |
