Table 2.
Short overview for the oxidative stress modifications in some affective disorders in animal models.
| Followed disease | Animal model/test | Oxidative disturbances |
|---|---|---|
| Bipolar disorder | Manic phase, induced with amphetamine | Brain: ↑ SOD production; ↑ TBARS [90] ↑ protein and lipid oxidative damage [91] ↓ SOD: ↓ CAT specific activity [92] ↑ lipid peroxidation [93] ↑ protein aggregation of 4-HNE (a major product of lipid peroxidation) [94] |
| Manic phase, chronic amphetamine administration | Submitochondrial fragments of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus: ↑ superoxide production [91] ↓ GSH-Px; ↓ glutathione; ↓ vitamin C [93] |
|
| Manic phase, induced with ouabain | ↑ TBARS; ↑ superoxide production; ↑ carbonyl content [95–98] ↑ SOD; ↓ CAT [95] |
|
|
| ||
| Depression | Chronic mild stress | ↑ superoxide in hippocampus; ↑ TBARS in cortex [99] ↓ antioxidant GST gene expression [100] |
| Olfactory bulbectomy model | ↓ CAT in blood stream; ↓ GSH; ↓ GSH-Px; ↑ SOD [101] | |
| Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) | ↑ liver MDA; ↓ TAC (total antioxidant capability); ↓ GSH; ↓ SOD; ↓ CAT [102] | |
| Swimming restraint | ↓ plasma GSH; ↓ plasma TBARS [103] | |
|
| ||
| Anxiety | Fetal alcohol exposure | Hippocampus, cerebellum: ↑ lipid peroxidation; ↑ protein oxidation; ↓ GSH [104] |
| Immobilization stress | ↑ lipid peroxidation; ↑ nitrite; ↓ GSH; ↓ CAT [105] | |
| Chronic social isolation | Hepatic levels: ↓ GSH; ↓ glutathione reductase; ↑ CAT; ↑ glutathione S-transferase [106] | |
| Ovariectomy-induced | Plasma: ↑ 8-isoprostane; hippocampus: ↑ protein carbonylation [107] | |
| PLTP knock-out model | ↓ vitamin E; ↑ oxidative stress markers in phospholipid transfer protein knock-out mice [108] | |
| Vit. A subacute supplementation | ↑ lipid peroxidation; ↑ protein carbonylation; ↑ protein thiol oxidation; SOD and CAT, altered, induced by vitamin A [109] | |
|
| ||
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) model | Single prolonged stress | Amygdala: ↓ glutathione reductase; plasma: ↑ 8-isoprostanes levels [110] |
Note: SOD: superoxide dismutase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; CAT: catalase; 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; MDA: malondialdehyde; 4-HDA: 4-hydroxyalkenals; GSH: glutathione; GHS-Px: glutathione peroxidase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; GST: glutathione-S-transferase.