Table 1.
Effect of reduced oxygen tension on in vitro chondrogenesis
| Species | Cells | Differentiation Format | GAG | Collagen | Mechanical testing |
Gene | Harvest time | Expansion Passages and O2 |
Differentiation O2 | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bo | ACs | Alginate beads | + | + | N/A | + | d1, d3, d10, d17 | None | 2, 21% | (54) |
| Bo | ACs | Alginate beads | + | + | N/A | N/A | 2 wk, 3 wk | P1 5, 21% | 5, 21% | (55) |
| Bo | ACs | Pellet | − | = | N/A | +/− | d14 | P1 1.5, 21% | 1.5, 5, 21% | (56) |
| Bo | ACs | Alginate beads | N/A | N/A | N/A | = | d2, d7 | None | 0.1, 5, 10, 20% | (19) |
| Bo | ACs | Monolayer | N/A | + | N/A | N/A | d4 | None | 5, 21% | (57) |
| Bo | ACs | 5mm diameter disc in agarose | = | − | = | d28 | P1 21% | 4, 21% | (58) | |
| Bo | ACs, MSCs | Electrospun PCL | + | − | N/A | + | d0, d14, d28, d42 | P1-2 21% | 5, 20% | (59) |
| Bo | ACs | Agarose | − | − | − | − | d7, d14, d21, d28 | None | 5, 21% | (60) |
| Bo | ACs | Explant | − | N/A | N/A | N/A | d0, d1, d5, d7 | None | 6, 10, 24, 66, 91% | (61) |
| Bo | ACs | Self assembling | − | − | N/A | − | 2wk, 4wk, 6wk | None | 5, 20% | (62) |
| Ga | SCs | Monolayer | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2wk, 4wk | None | 5, 21% | (63) |
| Hu | ACs | Pellet | + | = | N/A | N/A | d21 | P2-4, 5&20% | 5, 20% | (6) |
| Hu | ACs | Micropellets | + | + | N/A | + | d4, d7, d11, d14 | P3 2% | 2, 20% | (64) |
| Hu | ACs | Alginate beads | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | d1, d2, d4 | P3 5% | <1, 2, 5, 21% | (65) |
| Hu | ACs | fibrin glue, genipincross-linked | + | − | = | + | d1, 2.5wk, 7wk | P0 21% | 5, 21% | (66) |
| Hu | ACs | Alginate beads | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | d5 | P3 21% | 5, 20% | (67) |
| Hu | ACs | Alginate beads | = | = | N/A | + | d21 | P2-3 21% | 5, 21% | (68) |
| Hu | MSCs | Alginate beads | + | = | N/A | +/− | d21 | P5 21% | 5, 21% | (69) |
| Hu | ACs | Alginate beads | + | = | N/A | +/− | d21 | P2 21% | 5, 21% | (69) |
| Hu | ESCs | Self assembling | − | + | + | N/A | 4wk | 1P* 2, 20% | 2, 20% | (70) |
| Hu | NCs | Pellet | + | = | N/A | N/A | d21 | P2 21% | 1, 5.25, 21% | (45) |
| Hu | ACs | MPEG-PLGA | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | d1, d2, d6 | P2 21% | 1, 5, 21% | (71) |
| Hu | BM MSCs | Pellet | +/− | +/− | N/A | +/− | 4wk | P2-4 21% | 5, 20% | (72) |
| Hu | ACs | Alginate beads | + | N/A | N/A | + | d7,d14,d28 | P3 20% | 5, 20% | (73) |
| Hu | ACs | Pellet | + | + | N/A | + | d7, d14, d28 | P3 5, 20% | 5, 20% | (74) |
| Hu | ACs | Pellet | + | + | N/A | + | 2wk, 4wk | P2 5, 19% | 5, 19% | (75) |
| Hu | ACs | Monolayer | N/A | + | N/A | + | d3 | P0-3 20% | 1, 20% | (76) |
| Hu, Sus, Mu | AC explants | Explants | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | d3 | P0-3 20% | 1, 20% | (77) |
| Hu, Rb | ACs | Type I and III collagen sponge | + | + | N/A | + | d0, d3, d7, d14 | P1 21% | 3, 21% | (78) |
| Rb | Articular slices | Explant | − | N/A | N/A | N/A | d7 | None | 1, 5, 21, 35, 60, 90% | (79) |
| Rb | ACs | Pellet | + | + | N/A | + | d3, d7, d21 | P1 5, 21% | 5, 21% | (12) |
| Sus | ACs | Agarose | + | = | − | N/A | d21, d42 | P1 20% | 5, 20% | (80) |
| Sus | Fat pad MSCs | Agarose | + | = | + | N/A | d21, d42 | P3 20% | 5, 20% | (80) |
| Sus | AC explants | Explant | N/A | N/A | + | N/A | d6 | None | 5, 21% | (81) |
| Sus | BM MSCs | Agarose | + | = | + | N/A | d21, d42 | P3 21% | 5, 21% | (82) |
Green indicates positive results, red indicates negative results and orange indicates no effect on chondrogenesis due to oxygen tension.
Hu = Human, Bo = Bovine, Ga = Chicken, Sus = Porcine, Mu = Murine; ACs = Articular Chondrocytes, MSCs = Mesenchymal Stem Cells, ESCs = Embryonic Stem Cells, NCs = Nasal Chondrocytes, SCs = Sternal Chondrocytes;* p38 human ESCs used, 1 passage (P) thereafter.