TABLE 2—

Change in Firearm, Nonfirearm, and Total Age-Adjusted Suicide Rates (per 100 000 Population) Associated With a 10-Percentage-Point Increase in State-Level Firearm Ownership Rate—by Gender

Outcome Variable	Unadjusted Modela (95% CI)	Adjusted Modelb (95% CI)	Final Modelc (95% CI)
Male suicide rate
Overall	+1.6* (+1.3, +2.0)	+1.9* (+1.3, +2.5)	+1.9* (+1.5, +2.4)
Firearm	+3.3* (+3.0, +3.5)	+3.1* (+2.7, +3.5)	+3.1* (+2.7, +3.5)
Nonfirearm	−2.2* (−2.5, −1.9)	−1.5* (−1.8, −1.2)	−1.6* (−1.9, −1.3)
Female suicide rate
Overall	+0.0 (−0.2, +0.3)	−0.0 (−0.2, +0.2)	−0.0 (−0.2, +0.2)
Firearm	+0.5* (+0.4, +0.6)	+0.4* (+0.3, +0.5)	+0.4* (+0.3, +0.5)
Nonfirearm	−0.4* (−0.6, −0.2)	−0.5* (−0.6, −0.3)	−0.4* (−0.6, −0.3)

Note. CI = confidence interval. The values in the table represent the estimated change in the specified suicide rate for each 10-percentage-point increase in the predictor variable. For example, a value of +1.6 indicates that there is an increase of 1.6 per 100 000 in the suicide rate for each 10-percentage-point increase in household firearm ownership (e.g., comparing a state with 30% firearm ownership rate to a state with 40% firearm ownership rate would indicate a suicide rate difference of 1.6 per 100 000).

^aBased on a generalized estimating equation linear regression model with year fixed effects and accounting for clustering by state, but without any predictor variables besides firearm ownership.

^bControlled for region, level of urbanization, population density, educational attainment, unemployment, median household income, per capita alcohol consumption, proportion of Catholic adherents, nonhomicide violent crime rate (aggravated assault, robbery, and forcible rape), nonviolent (property) crime rate (burglary, larceny theft, and motor vehicle theft), incarceration rate, divorce rate, per capita gross domestic product, and per capita disposable personal income.

^cParsimonious model including only variables significant at the P < .05 level.

*P < .05.