TABLE 2—
Expected Years of Life Spent in Various States of Health, at Birth and at Ages 20–64, 65, and 85 Years, by Gender: United States, 1970–2010
| State of Health | 1970, Mean (95% CI) | 1980, Mean (95% CI) | 1990, Mean (95% CI) | 2000, Mean (95% CI) | 2010, Mean (95% CI) | Change, 1970–2010 |
| Males | ||||||
| At birth | ||||||
| Total | 67.0 | 70.1 | 71.8 | 74.1 | 76.2 | 9.2 |
| Free of disability | 56.5 (56.4, 56.6) | 57.2 (57.1, 57.4) | 58.8 (58.6, 58.9) | 60.0 (59.9, 60.2) | 61.0 (60.9, 61.2) | 4.5 |
| With disability in community | 10.0 (9.8, 10.1) | 12.2 (12.1, 12.4) | 12.4 (12.3, 12.6) | 13.6 (13.4, 13.7) | 14.7 (14.6, 14.9) | 4.7 |
| Institutionalized | 0.6 (0.6, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | −0.2 |
| At ages 20–64 y | ||||||
| Total | 40.8 | 41.6 | 41.8 | 42.4 | 42.6 | 1.8 |
| Free of disability | 34.9 (34.8, 35.0) | 34.7 (34.6, 34.8) | 35.3 (35.2, 35.4) | 35.6 (35.5, 35.7) | 35.8 (35.7, 35.9) | 0.9 |
| With disability in community | 5.7 (5.6, 5.8) | 6.7 (6.6, 6.8) | 6.4 (6.3, 6.5) | 6.7 (6.6, 6.8) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) | 1.1 |
| Institutionalized | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.2, 0.2) | 0.2 (0.2, 0.2) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) | −0.2 |
| At age 65 y | ||||||
| Total | 13.0 | 14.2 | 15.1 | 16.1 | 17.7 | 4.7 |
| Free of disability | 6.6 (6.6, 6.8) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) | 7.4 (7.3, 7.5) | 8.2 (8.0, 8.3) | 9.3 (9.1, 9.4) | 2.7 |
| With disability in community | 5.8 (5.7, 5.9) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) | 7.0 (6.9, 7.2) | 7.4 (7.3, 7.5) | 8.0 (7.8, 8.1) | 2.2 |
| Institutionalized | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | −0.1 |
| At age 85 y | ||||||
| Total | 4.7 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 1.1 |
| Free of disability | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.8) | 1.8 (1.6, 1.9) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.1) | 0.5 |
| With disability in community | 2.7 (2.5, 2.8) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.8 (2.6, 2.9) | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.6) | 0.8 |
| Institutionalized | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | −0.2 |
| Females | ||||||
| At birth | ||||||
| Total | 74.6 | 77.6 | 78.8 | 79.5 | 81.0 | 6.4 |
| Free of disability | 62.7 (62.6, 62.8) | 62.8 (62.6, 63.0) | 63.9 (63.8, 64.0) | 64.6 (64.4, 64.7) | 65.4 (65.3, 65.6) | 2.7 |
| With disability in community | 10.9 (10.7, 11.0) | 13.4 (13.3, 13.6) | 13.4 (13.3, 13.6) | 13.8 (13.6, 14.0) | 14.8 (14.6, 15.0) | 3.9 |
| Institutionalized | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.5) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) | −0.3 |
| At ages 20–64 y | ||||||
| Total | 42.8 | 43.3 | 43.5 | 43.6 | 43.7 | 0.9 |
| Free of disability | 37.4 (37.3, 37.5) | 36.7 (36.6, 36.8) | 37.0 (36.9, 37.1) | 36.9 (36.8, 37.0) | 36.8 (36.7, 37.0) | −0.6 |
| With disability in community | 5.2 (5.2, 5.3) | 6.5 (6.4, 6.6) | 6.3 (6.2, 6.4) | 6.6 (6.5, 6.7) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) | 1.6 |
| Institutionalized | 0.2 (0.2, 0.2) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | −0.1 |
| At age 65 y | ||||||
| Total | 16.8 | 18.4 | 19.0 | 19.1 | 20.3 | 3.5 |
| Free of disability | 9.1 (9.0, 9.2) | 9.3 (9.2, 9.4) | 9.9 (9.8, 10.0) | 10.5 (10.3, 10.6) | 11.5 (11.4, 11.6) | 2.4 |
| With disability in community | 6.6 (6.5, 6.7) | 7.6 (7.5, 7.8) | 7.5 (7.4, 7.7) | 7.5 (7.3, 7.6) | 8.0 (7.8, 8.1) | 1.4 |
| Institutionalized | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.6) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) | −0.2 |
| At age 85 y | ||||||
| Total | 5.6 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 1.3 |
| Free of disability | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.8) | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.4) | 0.8 |
| With disability in community | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2) | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2) | 3.1 (2.9, 3.2) | 3.3 (3.2, 3.5) | 3.7 (3.6, 3.9) | 0.7 |
| Institutionalized | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.8) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | −0.3 |
Note. CI = confidence interval. Sum of life expectancy in states sometimes does not add to total expectation of life because of rounding.