Table II.
Correlates of HP among InCHIANTI Study participants aged 65 and over
| Yes (n = 120) | No (n = 886) | β ± SE (β) | Odd ratio (95% CI) | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical features | |||||
| Weight (kg) (M ± SD) | 69.6 ± 12.7 | 69.0 ± 12.3 | 2.72 ± 1.08 | – | 0.011 |
| Height (cm) (M ± SD) | 155.9 ± 8.9 | 158.8 ± 9.4 | – | – | 0.739 |
| BMI (kg/cm2) (M ± SD) | 28.7 ± 4.4 | 27.3 ± 4.0 | 1.26 ± 0.40 | – | 0.002 |
| BP (%) | 60.8 | 27.5 | – | 3.50 (2.36–5.20) | <0.001 |
| KP (%) | 60.0 | 17.3 | – | 6.35 (4.22–9.56) | <0.001 |
| FP (%) | 30.8 | 16.4 | – | 1.80 (1.17–2.79) | 0.007 |
| SRH (1–5 score, 5 best) (M ± SD) | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | −0.39 ± 0.08 | – | <0.001 |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Current smokers (%) | 9.0 | 11.9 | – | – | 0.332 |
| Physical activity last year (1–5 score, 5 best) (M ± SD) | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | −0.16 ± 0.08 | – | 0.029 |
| Work activity age 20–60 (0–10 score, 10 highest overload) (M ± SD) | 5.8 ± 3.4 | 5.3 ± 3.5 | 1.00 ± 0.33 | – | 0.003 |
| Psycho-social features | |||||
| Depression (CES-D) (M ± SD) | 19.2 ± 6.4 | 17.1 ± 5.9 | 1.45 ± 0.57 | – | 0.012 |
| PM (6–30 score, 30 best) (M ± SD) | 18.6 ± 4.5 | 19.7 ± 4.1 | −0.88 ± 0.39 | – | 0.031 |
| Marital status [% single/widow(er)] | 44.2 | 37.4 | – | – | 0.934 |
| Education (years) (M ± SD) | 4.7 ± 2.7 | 5.5 ± 3.3 | – | – | 0.136 |
| Physical measures | |||||
| Knee extension torque (N/dm) (M ± SD) | 333 ± 143 | 387 ± 157 | – | – | 0.310 |
| Handgrip (kg) (M ± SD)† | 22.9 ± 9.6 | 26.9 ± 11.9 | – | – | 0.420 |
| Lower extremity power (W) (M ± SD)‡ | 74.4 ± 52.6 | 105 ± 59 | −14.3 ± 4.3 | – | 0.002 |
| Trunk flexibility (cm) (M ± SD) | 9.6 ± 4.0 | 8.6 ± 3.5 | 1.06 ± 0.34 | – | 0.002 |
| Hip abduction ROM (°) (M ± SD) | 21.8 ± 7.1 | 25.2 ± 7.2 | −3.10 ± 0.65 | – | <0.001 |
| Hip adduction ROM (°) (M ± SD) | 10.9 ± 3.2 | 11.8 ± 3.8 | −0.82 ± 0.36 | – | 0.001 |
| Hip flexion ROM (°) (M ± SD) | 128 ± 58 | 124 ± 28 | – | – | 0.950 |
| Hip extension ROM (°) (M ± SD) | 10.9 ± 4.9 | 11.8 ± 15.6 | – | – | 0.160 |
| Hip extrarotation ROM (°) (M ± SD) | 32.1 ± 9.0 | 33.5 ± 8.1 | – | – | 0.340 |
| Knee flexion ROM (°) (M ± SD) | 137 ± 41 | 136 ± 21 | – | – | 0.580 |
| Knee extension ROM (°) (M ± SD) | −0.1 ± 4.9 | −0.4 ± 2.2 | – | – | 0.730 |
*
From age- and sex-adjusted linear or logistic regression models, as appropriate.
†
Data missing in 161 participants, 10 with and 151 without HP.
‡
Weight-adjusted.