Table 1.

Mansonella ozzardi vectors across Latin America

Region	Country	Biting midges	Black flies	Key references
North America	Mexico	Culicoides furens		Biagi et al.31
Central America	Panama		Simulium sanguineum	Petersen et al.40
Caribbean	Haiti	C. furens, C. barbosai		Lowrie et al.27–29
		Leptoconops bequaerti
	St. Vincent	C. furens, C. paraensis?		Buckley25,26
	Trinidad	C. phlebotomus		Nathan30,32
South America	Argentina	C. paraensis		Nathan and Wygodzinsky42
		C. lahillei, C. paraensis	S. exiguum	Shelley and Coscarón43
		C. debilipalpis, C. lahillei, C. paraensis		Veggiani-Aybar et al.44
	Brazil		S. amazonicum, S. argentiscutum	Cerqueira34
			S. oyapockense s.l. or S. roraimense	Shelley et al.35–37
	Colombia	C. insinuatus, C. caprilesi?	S. amazonicum, S. argentiscutum	Tidwell et al.24,33
			S. sanguineum
	Guyana		S. oyapockense s.l.	Nathan et al.41
	Suriname	C. guttatus?		Bruijning96
	Venezuela		S. oyapockense s.l., S. guyanensis	Yarzábal et al. and González38,39

Modified from Shelley and Coscarón.⁴³